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occupied for a long time

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1 castrum

castrum, i, n. [kindred with casa, q. v.].
I.
In sing., any fortified place; a castle, fort, fortress (more rare than castellum):
ei Grunium dederat in Phrygiā castrum, etc.,
Nep. Alcib. 9, 3; Liv. 32. 29, 4; Dig. 27, 1, 17 fin. —
B.
Esp., nom. propr.
1.
Castrum Altum or Album, in Hispania Tarraconensis, Liv. 24, 41, 3.—
2.
Castrum Inui, or simply Castrum, an ancient city of the Rutuli, near Ardea, Verg. A. 6, 775;
called Castrum,
Ov. M. 15, 727; Sil. 8, 359. —
3.
Castrum Novum, a city on the seacoast of Etruria, Liv. 36, 3, 6; Plin. 3, 5, 8, § 51.—
4.
Another Castrum Novum, on the sea-coast of Picenum, now Giulia Nova, [p. 299] Plin. 3, 13, 18, § 110; also called absol. Castrum, Vell. 1, 14, 8.—
5.
Castrum Truentinum, a maritime city of Picenum, on the river Truentus, Cic. Att. 8, 12, B, 1;
also called Truentum,
Plin. 3, 13, 18, § 110.—
6.
Castrum Vergium, a fortress of the Bergistani in Hispania Tarraconensis, now Berga, Liv. 34, 21, 1.—Far more freq.,
II.
In plur.: castra, ōrum, n. ( castra, ae, f.: castra haec vestra est, Att. ap. Non. p. 200, 30; Trag. Rel. p. 238 Rib.).
A.
Lit., several soldiers ' tents situated together; hence, a military camp, an encampment; among the Romans a square (quadrata);
later, after the manner of the Greeks, sometimes circular, or adjusted to its situation,
Veg. Mil. 1, 23. It was surrounded by a trench (fossa) and a wall (vallum), and had four gates: Porta Praetoria, the front, chief gate, on the opp. side from the enemy, from which the legions marched; opp. to this, Porta Decumana (in later times Porta Quaestoria), the back gate;
Porta Principalis Dextra, and Porta Principalis Sinistra, situated on the two sides of the camp,
Liv. 40, 27, 4 sq.; cf. Dict. of Antiq.—
b.
Phrases.
(α).
With adj.:
stativa,
occupied for a long time, permanent, Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 12, § 29; Caes. B. C. 3, 30; 3, 37; Sall. J. 44, 4; Tac. A. 3, 21:
aestiva,
summer camp, id. ib. 1, 16; Suet. Claud. 1:
hiberna,
Liv. 29, 35, 13 (more freq. absol. aestiva and hiberna, q. v.):
navalia,
an encampment on the shore for protecting the fleet and the troops while landing; sometimes connected with the ships drawn to land, Caes. B. G. 5, 22 Herz.; cf. id. ib. 5, 11; Liv. 29, 35, 13;
called also nautica,
Nep. Alcib. 8, 5; id. Hann. 11, 6 (cf. id. ib. § 4; Liv. 44, 39): lunata, crescent-shaped, Auct. B. Afr. 80.—With numerals:
una,
Tac. A. 4, 2:
bina,
Cic. Phil. 12, 11, 27; Liv. 4, 27, 3:
quina,
Caes. B. C. 3, 9.—
(β).
With verb:
locum castris antecapere,
Sall. J. 50, 1; cf.:
capere locum castris,
Liv. 4, 27, 3; 9, 17, 15;
and montes castris capere,
Tac. A. 12, 55: castra metari, Cael. ap. Non. p. 137, 18; Caes. B. C. 3, 13, 3; Hirt. B. G. 8, 15 al.:
facere,
Caes. B. G. 1, 48; Nep. Milt. 5, 2; Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 12, § 29 al.:
ponere,
Caes. B. G. 2, 5; 7, 35; Nep. Hann. 5 fin.:
ponere et munire,
Sall. J. 75, 7:
munire,
Caes. B. G. 1, 49; Liv. 44, 39, 1:
communire,
Caes. B. G. 5, 49; Liv. 23, 28, 3:
castra castris conferre,
id. 10, 32, 5; 23, 28, 9:
castris se tenere,
Caes. B. G. 1, 40, 8:
castra movere,
to break up, to decamp, id. ib. 1, 39 fin.; also syn. with to march forth from a camp, id. ib. 1, 15 Herz.; 1, 22; 2, 2; Sall. C. 57, 3; Nep. Dat. 8, 4; id. Eum. 12 fin. et saep.—Hence, also, promovere, Caes. B. G. 1, 48:
movere retro,
Liv. 2, 58, 3:
removere,
id. 9, 24, 4:
proferre,
Caes. B. C. 1, 81:
castris castra inferre,
Enn. Trag. 201 Vahl.—
c.
Castra Praetoriana, Praetoria, Urbana or simply Castra, the barracks of the Prœtorians in the suburbs of Rome, Suet. Tib. 37; id. Claud. 21; Tac. A. 4, 2; Suet. Aug. 29; id. Claud. 36; Dig. 48, 5, 15. —
d.
Castrorum filius, a surname of Caligula, who was brought up in the camp, Suet. Calig. 22; Aur. Vict. Caes. 3.—So, Castrorum mater, an appellation of Faustina, the wife of the emperor Marcus Aurelius, because she accompanied him in an expedition against the Quadi, Capitol. Marc. Aur. 26.—Hence both appell. in later inscriptions as titles of the Roman emperors and empresses. —
B.
Esp. as nom. propr., like castrum.
1.
Castra Corneliana or Cornelia, on the north coast of Africa, near Utica, so called because the elder Scipio Africanus first pitched his camp there, after his landing in Africa, in the second Punic war, Caes. B. C. 2, 24; 2, 25; 2, 37; Mel. 1, 7, 2; Plin. 5, 4, 3, § 24.—
2.
Castra Caecilia, in Lusitania, Plin. 4, 22, 35, § 117.—
3.
Castra Hannibalis, a seaport town in Bruttium, Plin. 3, 10, 15, § 95.—
4.
Castra Pyrrhi, a place in Grecian Illyria, Liv. 32, 13, 2.—
5.
Castra Vetera or Vetera, a place on the Lower Rhine, now Xanthen, Tac. H. 4, 18; 4, 21; 4, 35; id. A. 1, 45.—
6.
Castra Alexandri, a district in Egypt, Curt. 4, 7, 2; Oros. 1, 2.—
C.
Meton.
1.
Since, in military expeditions, a camp was pitched each evening, in the histt. (esp. Livy) for a day ' s march:
secundis castris ( = bidui itinere) pervenit ad Dium,
Liv. 44, 7, 1; so Tac. H. 3, 15; cf.:
alteris castris,
Liv. 38, 13, 2; Curt. 3, 7.—
So tertiis castris,
Liv. 38, 13, 11; 38, 24, 1; Tac. H. 4, 71:
quartis castris,
Liv. 44, 46, 10:
quintis castris,
Caes. B. G. 7, 36; Liv. 28, 19, 4:
septimis castris,
id. 40, 22, 1:
decimis castris,
id. 27, 32 fin.; 28, 33, 1.—
2.
Military service (hence, often opp. forum and toga), Nep. Epam. 5, 4; Vell. 2, 125, 4; Tib. 4, 1, 39:
qui magnum in castris usum habebant,
Caes. B. G. 1, 39.—
3.
Of beehives:
cerea,
Verg. A. 12, 589:
in apium castris,
Pall. 1, 37, 4.—
4.
Of a sheepfold, Col. 6, 23, 3.—
5.
Of political parties, regarded as arrayed in hostility:
si ad interdicti sententiam confugis... in meis castris praesidiisque versaris,
Cic. Caecin. 29, 83.—
6.
Of philosophical sects:
Epicuri castra,
Cic. Fam. 9, 20, 1:
O castra praeclara (Epicuri)!
id. ib. 7, 12, 1; Hor. C. 3, 16, 23; Sen. Ep. 2, 4.

Lewis & Short latin dictionary > castrum
2 माल्यवत् _mālyavat

माल्यवत् a. Wreathed, crowned, -m.

1 N. of a moun- tain or mountain range; सो$यं शैलः ककुभसुरभिर्माल्यवान्नाम U.1.33; R.13.26.

-2 N. of a demon, son of Suketu. [He was the maternal uncle and minister of Rāvaṇa and aided him in many of his schemes. In early times he propitiated the god Brahman by his austere pen- ance, as a reward of which the splendid island of Laṅkā was caused to be built for him. He lived there with his brothers for some years, but afterwards left it, which was then occupied by Kubera. Afterwards when Rāvaṇa ousted Kubera from the island, Mālya- vat returned with his relatives and lived with him for a long time.]

Sanskrit-English dictionary > माल्यवत् _mālyavat
3 Л-176

ТЯНУТЬ/ПОТЯНУТЬ ЛЯМКУ coll VP subj: human usu. impfv) to be occupied for a long period of time with a difficult, unpleasant, monotonous task
X тянул лямку = X slaved (toiled) (away)
X sweated it out X performed (was engaged in) drudgery X was (remained) in harness X drudged (in limited contexts) X sweated.
Жерков после своего изгнания из главного штаба не остался в полку, говоря, что он не дурак во фронте лямку тянуть, когда он при штабе, ничего не делая, получит наград больше... (Толстой 4). After his dismissal from head-quarters Zherkov had not remained in the regiment, saying he was not such a fool as to slave at the front when he could get more rewards by doing nothing on the staff... (4b).

Максим кончает пехотное училище, будет тянуть армейскую лямку (Рыбаков 2)...Max was finishing infantry school and would sweat it out in the army (2a).

.При изменившихся обстоятельствах мне казалось невыносимым тянуть всё ту же лямку (Гинзбург 2)....In the changed circumstances, it seemed insufferable to me to have to perform the same drudgery as before (2a).

Отец его, боевой генерал 1812 года, полуграмотный, грубый, но не злой русский человек, всю жизнь свою тянул лямку, командовал сперва бригадой, потом дивизией... (Тургенев 2). His father, a general, who had seen active service in 1812, a coarse and uneducated Russian but not ill-natured, had been in harness all his life, commanding a brigade at first and then a division... (2a). His father, a general who had fought in 1812, a half-educated, coarse, but not ill-natured man, a typical Russian, had drudged all his life, first in command of a brigade, then of a division... (2b).

Нет, пускай послужит он в армии, да потянет лямку, да понюхает пороху, да будет солдат...» (Пушкин 2). "No, let him serve in the army, let him learn to sweat and get used to the smell of gunpowder, let him become a soldier..." (2a).

Большой русско-английский фразеологический словарь > Л-176
4 потянуть лямку

• ТЯНУТЬ/ПОТЯНУТЬ ЛЯМКУ coll

[VP; subj: human; usu. impfv]

=====

⇒ to be occupied for a long period of time with a difficult, unpleasant, monotonous task:

- X тянул лямку≈ X slaved (toiled) (away);

- X sweated it out;

- X performed (was engaged in) drudgery;

- X was (remained) in harness;

- X drudged;

- [in limited contexts] X sweated.

     ♦ Жерков после своего изгнания из главного штаба не остался в полку, говоря, что он не дурак во фронте лямку тянуть, когда он при штабе, ничего не делая, получит наград больше... (Толстой 4). After his dismissal from head-quarters Zherkov had not remained in the regiment, saying he was not such a fool as to slave at the front when he could get more rewards by doing nothing on the staff... (4b).

     ♦ Максим кончает пехотное училище, будет тянуть армейскую лямку (Рыбаков 2)...Max was finishing infantry school and would sweat it out in the army (2a).

     ♦...При изменившихся обстоятельствах мне казалось невыносимым тянуть всё ту же лямку (Гинзбург 2)....In the changed circumstances, it seemed insufferable to me to have to perform the same drudgery as before (2a).

     ♦ Отец его, боевой генерал 1812 года, полуграмотный, грубый, но не злой русский человек, всю жизнь свою тянул лямку, командовал сперва бригадой, потом дивизией... (Тургенев 2). His father, a general, who had seen active service in 1812, a coarse and uneducated Russian but not ill-natured, had been in harness all his life, commanding a brigade at first and then a division... (2a). His father, a general who had fought in 1812, a halfeducated, coarse, but not ill-natured man, a typical Russian, had drudged all his life, first in command of a brigade, then of a division... (2b).

     ♦ "Нет, пускай послужит он в армии, да потянет лямку, да понюхает пороху, да будет солдат..." (Пушкин 2). "No, let him serve in the army, let him learn to sweat and get used to the smell of gunpowder, let him become a soldier..." (2a).

Большой русско-английский фразеологический словарь > потянуть лямку
5 тянуть лямку

• ТЯНУТЬ/ПОТЯНУТЬ ЛЯМКУ coll

[VP; subj: human; usu. impfv]

=====

⇒ to be occupied for a long period of time with a difficult, unpleasant, monotonous task:

- X тянул лямку≈ X slaved (toiled) (away);

- X sweated it out;

- X performed (was engaged in) drudgery;

- X was (remained) in harness;

- X drudged;

- [in limited contexts] X sweated.

     ♦ Жерков после своего изгнания из главного штаба не остался в полку, говоря, что он не дурак во фронте лямку тянуть, когда он при штабе, ничего не делая, получит наград больше... (Толстой 4). After his dismissal from head-quarters Zherkov had not remained in the regiment, saying he was not such a fool as to slave at the front when he could get more rewards by doing nothing on the staff... (4b).

     ♦ Максим кончает пехотное училище, будет тянуть армейскую лямку (Рыбаков 2)...Max was finishing infantry school and would sweat it out in the army (2a).

     ♦...При изменившихся обстоятельствах мне казалось невыносимым тянуть всё ту же лямку (Гинзбург 2)....In the changed circumstances, it seemed insufferable to me to have to perform the same drudgery as before (2a).

     ♦ Отец его, боевой генерал 1812 года, полуграмотный, грубый, но не злой русский человек, всю жизнь свою тянул лямку, командовал сперва бригадой, потом дивизией... (Тургенев 2). His father, a general, who had seen active service in 1812, a coarse and uneducated Russian but not ill-natured, had been in harness all his life, commanding a brigade at first and then a division... (2a). His father, a general who had fought in 1812, a halfeducated, coarse, but not ill-natured man, a typical Russian, had drudged all his life, first in command of a brigade, then of a division... (2b).

     ♦ "Нет, пускай послужит он в армии, да потянет лямку, да понюхает пороху, да будет солдат..." (Пушкин 2). "No, let him serve in the army, let him learn to sweat and get used to the smell of gunpowder, let him become a soldier..." (2a).

Большой русско-английский фразеологический словарь > тянуть лямку
6 tomar

v.

1 to take.

Ella toma la rama She takes the branch.

Ella toma esa responsabilidad She takes that responsibility.

2 to have (comida, bebida).

¿qué quieres tomar? what would you like (to drink)?; (beber) what would you like (to eat)? (comer) (peninsular Spanish)

3 to catch (trasporte) (autobús, tren).

4 to adopt (adquirir) (actitud, costumbre).

tomarle manía/cariño a algo/alguien to take a dislike/a liking to something/somebody

5 to take down (apuntar) (datos, información).

6 to go, to head.

7 to drink. ( Latin American Spanish)

Ella toma limonada She drinks lemonade.

Ellos tomaron anoche They had some drinks last night.

8 to require.

Me toma mucho tiempo I require a lot of time.

* * *

tomar

► verbo transitivo

1 (gen) to take

■ tomó una carta he took a card

■ ese fragmento está tomado de Cervantes this passage is taken from Cervantes

■ lo tomó en broma she took it as a joke

■ tomamos un taxi we took a taxi

■ tomamos aquella calle we took that road

2 (baño, ducha) to have, take; (foto) to take

3 (comer, beber) to have; (beber) to drink; (comer) to eat

■ tómate la leche drink your milk

■ ¿qué tomarás? what would you like?

4 (el autobús, el tren) to catch

5 (aceptar) to accept, take

6 (comprar) to buy, get, have

■ tomaré manzanas I'll get some apples

7 (contratar) to take on, hire

■ tomaremos una criada we'll take on a servant

8 (alquilar) to take, rent

9 (adquirir) to acquire, get into

■ tomar una costumbre to acquire a habit

10 MILITAR to capture, take

► verbo intransitivo

1 (encaminarse) to go, turn

■ tomaron hacia la izquierda y se perdieron they turned left and got lost

► verbo pronominal tomarse

1 (gen) to take

■ me tomé una aspirina I took an aspirin

2 (beber) to drink; (comer) to eat

\

FRASEOLOGÍA

lo toma o lo deja take it or leave it

no te lo tomes así don't take it like that

toma (aquí tienes) here you are, here

¡toma! familiar (sorpresa) fancy that! 2 (enfado) it serves you right!

¡toma castaña! familiar take that!

toma y daca figurado give and take

tomar a alguien de la mano to hold somebody's hand

tomar a pecho to take to heart

tomar afecto / tomar cariño to become fond of

tomar algo a mal to take something badly

tomar aliento to catch one's breath

tomar decisiones to make decisions

tomar el fresco to get some fresh air

tomar el pelo a alguien figurado to pull somebody's leg

tomar el sol to sunbathe

tomar en cuenta to take into account

tomar en serio to take seriously

tomar forma to take shape

tomar frío to catch a cold

tomar la costumbre to get into the habit

tomar la palabra to speak

tomar las aguas to take the waters

tomar las de Villadiego figurado to beat it

tomar nota to take note

tomar partido por to take sides with

tomar por (considerar) to take for

■ me tomó por mi hermana he took me for my sister

■ me tomó por tonto she took me for a fool

tomar tierra to land

tomarla con alguien familiar to have it in for somebody

tomarse la molestia de to take the trouble to

tomarse las cosas con calma to take it easy

* * *

verb

1) to take

2) drink, have

3) capture, seize

•

- tomar por
- tomarse
* * *
Para las expresiones tomar las aguas, tomar las armas, tomar la delantera, tomar impulso, tomar tierra, ver la otra entrada.
1. VERBO TRANSITIVO

1) (=coger) to take

si no tienes bolígrafo toma este — take this pen if you haven't got one

la tomó de la mano — he took her by the hand

lo toma o lo deja — take it or leave it

¡toma! — here (you are)!

• vayan tomando [asiento] — please sit down, please be seated frm

• tomar la [pluma] — to pick {o} take up one's pen

- tomar las de Villadiego

2) (=ingerir, consumir) [+ comida] to eat, have; [+ bebida] to drink, have; [+ medicina] to take

si tienes hambre podemos tomar algo — if you're hungry we can get something to eat

tomas demasiado café — you drink too much coffee

tomamos unas cervezas — we had a few beers

¿qué quieres tomar? — what would you like?, what will you have?

tome una cucharada de jarabe cada ocho horas — take a spoonful of syrup every eight hours

• tomar el [pecho] — to feed at the breast, breastfeed

3) (=viajar en) [+ tren, avión, taxi] to take

vamos a tomar el autobús — let's take {o} get the bus

cada día toma el tren de las nueve — he catches {o} takes the nine o'clock train every day

4) (Cine, Fot, TV) to take

tomar una foto de algn — to take a photo of sb, take sb's photo

5) (=apuntar) [+ notas, apuntes] to take; [+ discurso] to take down

nunca toma apuntes en clase — he never takes notes in class

tomo nota de todo lo que me has dicho — I have taken note of everything you have told me

• nos tomaron [declaración] en comisaría — they took (down) our statements {o} they took statements from us at the police station

• tomar [por escrito] — to write down

6) (=medir) [+ temperatura, pulso] to take

tengo que ir a que me tomen la tensión — I have to go and have my blood pressure taken

ven, que te tomo las medidas — let me take your measurements

7) (=adoptar) [+ decisión, precauciones] to take

tomaremos medidas para que no vuelva a suceder — we will take steps to ensure that it does not happen again

8) (=adquirir)

la situación está tomando mal cariz — the situation is beginning to look ugly

• el proyecto ya está tomando [forma] — the project is taking shape
color 2), conciencia 3)
9) (=empezar a sentir)

le han tomado mucho cariño — they have become very fond of him

les tomé asco a los caracoles — I took a dislike to snails

- tomarla o tenerla tomada con algn

la jefa la ha tomado {o} la tiene tomada conmigo — the boss has (got) it in for me

10) (=disfrutar de) [+ baño, ducha] to have, take

• tomar el [aire] {o} el [fresco] — to get some fresh air

• tomar el [sol] — to sunbathe

11) (Mil) (=capturar) to take, capture; (=ocupar) to occupy

la policía tomó la fábrica — the police occupied the factory

12) (=contratar) [+ empleado] to take on, engage

13) (=ocupar) to take

traducirlo me ha tomado tres horas — it took me three hours to translate it

14) (=entender, interpretar) to take

tomó muy a mal que la suspendieran — she took it very badly when she failed

lo tomó como una ofensa — he took offence at it, he was offended by it

• lo han tomado a [broma] — they haven't taken it seriously, they are treating it as a joke

• no lo tomes en [serio] — don't take it seriously

15) tomar a algn por (=confundir)

tomar a algn por policía — to take sb for a policeman, think that sb is a policeman

tomar a algn por loco — to think sb mad

¿por quién me toma? — what do you take me for?, who do you think I am?

16) [sexualmente] to have

17) And (=molestar) to upset, annoy

2. VERBO INTRANSITIVO

1) (Bot) [planta] to take (root); [injerto] to take

2) LAm (=ir)

tomar a la derecha — to turn right

3) LAm (=beber) to drink

estaba tomando en varios bares — he was drinking in a number of bars

4) [exclamaciones]

¡toma! * —

¡toma! menuda suerte has tenido... — well, of all the luck!, can you believe it? what luck!

¡toma! pues yo también lo sé hacer — hey! I know how to do that too

¡toma ya! —

¡toma ya, vaya tío tan bueno! — wow, what an amazing guy! *

¡toma ya, vaya golazo! — look at that, what a fantastic goal!

5) esp LAm
*
• tomó [y] se fue — off he went, he upped and went

tomó y lo rompió — he went and broke it

3.

See:

tomarse

* * *
1.
verbo transitivo

Sentido I

1) (asir, agarrar) to take

toma lo que te debo — here's what I owe you

¿lo puedo tomar prestado? — can I borrow it?

la tomé de la mano — I took her by the hand

tomar las armas — to take up arms

tomar algo DE algo — to take something from something

2)

a) (Mil) <pueblo/ciudad> to take, capture; < tierras> to seize

b) <universidad/fábrica> to occupy

3) ( hacerse cargo de)

tomó el asunto en sus manos — she took charge of the matter

tomó la responsabilidad del negocio — he took over the running of the business

tomó a su cuidado a las niñas — she took the girls into her care

4)

a) ( beber) to drink

tomó un sorbito — she took a sip

el niño toma (el) pecho — the baby's being breast-fed

b) (servirse, consumir) to have

ven a tomar una copa — come and have a drink

¿vamos a tomar algo? — shall we go for a drink?

c) <medicamento/vitaminas> to take

5) <tren/taxi/ascensor> to take; <calle/atajo> to take

6)

a) (medir, registrar) to take

tomarle la temperatura/la tensión a alguien — to take somebody's temperature/blood pressure

b) <notas/apuntes> to take

tomar algo por escrito — to write something down

tomarle declaraciones a alguien — to take a statement from somebody

la maestra me tomó la lección — the teacher made me recite the lesson

c) < foto> to take

7) ( adoptar) <medidas/actitud> to take, adopt; < precauciones> to take; < decisión> to make, take

tomó la determinación de no volver a verlo — she decided not to see him again

8)

a)

tomar a alguien por esposo/esposa — (frml) to take somebody as o to be one's husband/wife

b) (esp AmL) ( contratar) to take on

lo tomaron a prueba — they took him on for a trial period

c) profesor <alumnos/clases> to take on

d) colegio < niño> to take

9) ( confundir)

tomar algo/a alguien POR algo/alguien — to take something/somebody for something/somebody

¿por quién me has tomado? — who o what do you take me for?

te van a tomar por tonto — they'll take you for a fool, they'll think you're stupid

me tomó por mi hermana — he mistook me for my sister

10) ( reaccionar frente a) <noticia/comentario> to take

tómalo como de quien viene — take it with a grain (AmE) o (BrE) pinch of salt

lo tomó a mal/a broma — he took it the wrong way/as a joke

11) < tiempo> to take

eso toma demasiado tiempo — that takes up too much time

12) ( en costura) to take in

Sentido II

13) ( adquirir)

a) < forma> to take; < aspecto> to take on

el pollo está empezando a tomar color — the chicken's beginning to brown

dado el cariz que están tomando las cosas... — the way things are going...

b) <velocidad/altura> to gain

c) < costumbre> to get into

14) ( cobrar) <cariño/asco>

tomarle algo A algo/alguien: le he tomado cariño a esta casa/a la niña I've become quite attached to this house/quite fond of the girl; les ha tomado asco a los mejillones he's gone right off mussels (colloq); justo ahora que le estoy tomando el gusto just when I was getting to like it; tomarla con alguien/algo — (fam) to take against somebody/something

Sentido III

15)

a) ( exponerse a)

tomar el aire or el fresco — to get some (fresh) air

tomar (el) sol — to sunbathe

vas a tomar frío — (RPl) you'll get o catch cold

b) <baño/ducha> to take, have

16) ( recibir) < clases> to take; < curso> to take, do (BrE)
2.
tomar vi

1) ( asir)

toma, léelo tú misma — here, read it yourself

toma, aquí tienes tus tijeras — here are your scissors

tome, yo no lo necesito — take it, I don't need it

2) (esp AmL) ( beber alcohol) to drink

3) (AmL) (ir) to go

tomaron para el norte/por allí — they went north/that way

tomar a la derecha — to turn o go right

4) injerto to take
3.
tomarse v pron

1) <vacaciones/tiempo> to take

se tomó el día libre — he took the day off

tómate todo el tiempo que quieras — take as long as you like

2) <molestia/libertad> to take

tomarse la molestia/libertad de + inf — to take the trouble to + inf/the liberty of + ger

ya me tomaré la revancha — I'll get even one of these days

3) (enf)

a) <café/vino> to drink

se toma todo lo que gana — (AmL) he spends everything he earns on drink

b) <medicamento/vitaminas> to take

c) <desayuno/merienda/sopa> to eat, have; <helado/yogur> to have

4) <autobús/tren/taxi> to take

5) (Med)

a) (refl) to take

se tomó la temperatura — she took her temperature

b) (caus)

tomarse la presión or la tensión — to have one's blood pressure taken

6) (caus) (esp AmL) < foto> to have... taken

7) (enf) ( reaccionar frente a) <comentario/noticia> to take

no te lo tomes a mal — don't take it the wrong way

8) (Chi) <universidad/fábrica> to occupy

* * *

= capture, take, take (in/into), usurp, pull from, pull off, spring for, swig.

Ex. In those early days, so the story goes, the library movement was in danger of being captured by an aristocratic intellectual class designing to make the public library an elitist center for scholarly research.

Ex. If we take Cindi, Albert will almost surely grieve.

Ex. For example, a computer on board a space ship, o even in some cars, takes in data, works out settings, displays results completely automatically.

Ex. Peter Jackaman fears 'that public libraries have failed to grasp the opportunity which this development offered, and as result their potential role has, in many cases, been usurped by other agencies'.

Ex. The data is pulled directly from all the bibliographic data bases on DIALOG that have a JN field.

Ex. One of its main advantages is the potential to pull off descriptive entries onto disc to create annotated booklists.

Ex. If I decide to spring for this I'll let you in on what I find out.

Ex. One day she indulged in her habit of swigging too much gin before going to feed the porker and after opening its pen she slumped in a heap.

----

* de armas tomar = redoubtable.

* desventaja del primero en tomar la iniciativa = first-mover disadvantage.

* disfrutar tomando el sol = bask.

* estar tomando + Fármaco = be on + Fármaco.

* irse a tomar por culo = naff off.

* llevar a tomar una decisión = lead (up) to + decision.

* lo tomas o lo dejas = take it or leave it.

* necesitar tomar cierto tipo de decisiones = require + judgement, require + judgement, require + an exercise of + judgement.

* no ser para tomárselo a risa = be no laughing matter.

* no tomándose a uno como el centro de referencia = ex-centric [excentric].

* no tomárselo bien = not take + kindly to, not take + kindly to.

* para tomar medidas = for action.

* persona que toma la última decisión = decider.

* primero en tomar la iniciativa = first mover.

* que se toma las cosas con calma = laid-back, laid-back.

* que toma parte en = involved in.

* responsable de tomar decisiones = decision maker [decision-maker].

* reunión para tomar café = coffee party.

* salir a tomar una copa = go out for + a drink.

* ser de armas tomar = be a (real) handful.

* tomándose a uno como centro de referencia = centric.

* tomar a Alguien bajo + Posesivo + tutela = take + Nombre + under + Posesivo + wings.

* tomar a la ligera = take + lightly.

* tomar aliento = draw + a breath.

* tomar armas = take up + arms.

* tomar a saco = take + Nombre + by storm.

* tomar asiento = take + a seat (on).

* tomar a sorbos = sip.

* tomar atajos = take + shortcuts.

* tomar cariño a = grow + fond of.

* tomar carta en = get + stuck into.

* tomar como ejemplo = take.

* tomar como modelo = pattern.

* tomar como punto de partida = build on/upon.

* tomar como responsabilidad propia = take it upon + Reflexivo + to.

* tomar conciencia = sensitise [sensitize, -USA], enhance + awareness.

* tomar copas = tipple.

* tomar decisión = make + choices.

* tomar decisiones = exercise + judgement.

* tomar decisiones con conocimiento de causa = make + informed decisions.

* tomar decisiones fundadas = make + informed decisions.

* tomar decisiones por Alguien = take + decisions in + Posesivo + name.

* tomar ejemplo de = take + a lead from.

* tomar el control = take + the helm.

* tomar el control de = take + control of.

* tomar el mando = take + the helm.

* tomar el pelo = tease, twit, taunt.

* tomar el poder = take + power.

* tomar el pulso a Algo = take + the pulse.

* tomar el relevo = hand over + the torch, pass (on) + the torch, pass (on) + the baton, take it from here.

* tomar el relevo (de) = take over + the leadership (from).

* tomar el relevo en el mando = take over + the helm.

* tomar el relevo en el timón = take over + the helm.

* tomar el sol = sunbathe, sun + Reflexivo, soak up + rays.

* tomar el sol con gusto = bask.

* tomar el tiempo = time.

* tomar el timón = take + the helm.

* tomar en consideración = allow for, take into + consideration.

* tomar en sentido literal = take + Nombre + at face value, accept + Nombre + at face value.

* tomar forma = take + form, take + shape, assume + form, shape up.

* tomarla con Alguien = turn on + Nombre.

* tomar la decisión más acertada dadas las circunstancias = do + the best thing in the circumstances.

* tomar la delantera = take + a lead, take + an early lead.

* tomar la iniciativa = seize + the initiative, take + initiative, take + a lead, step up.

* tomar la iniciativa en + Infinitivo = take + the lead in + Gerundio.

* tomar la mano = take + Posesivo + hand.

* tomar la palabra sin dejar hablar a los demás = hog + the floor.

* tomar la responsabilidad = take + responsibility.

* tomar las decisiones = call + the shots, be the boss, call + the tune, rule + the roost, set + the agenda.

* tomar las riendas = take (over) + the reins.

* tomar las riendas del poder = take + the reins of power.

* tomarle afición a = acquire + a taste for, develop + a taste for.

* tomarle el gusto a = acquire + a taste for, develop + a taste for.

* tomarle el pelo a = make + fun of.

* tomarle la palabra a Alguien = take + Nombre + at + Posesivo + word.

* tomar medicamentos = take + drugs.

* tomar medida = take + action step.

* tomar medidas = follow + steps, take + precaution, take + steps, take + measures, produce + contingency plan, make + contingency plan, apply + measures, undertake + action.

* tomar medidas (contra) = take + action (against).

* tomar medidas correctivas = pose + corrective action, take + corrective action, take + remedial action.

* tomar medidas demasiado drásticas = throw + the baby out with the bath water, throw + the baby out with the bath water.

* tomar medidas de seguridad = take + safety precautions.

* tomar medidas de seguridad más estrictas = tighten + security.

* tomar medidas drásticas contra = clamp down on.

* tomar medidas enérgicas contra = crack down on.

* tomar medidas preventivas = take + preventive measures.

* tomar nota = make + a note, take + note.

* tomar nota de = note.

* tomar otra decisión = decision to the contrary.

* tomar otra dirección = branch off + on a side trail.

* tomar parte = involve, take + part, become + involved.

* tomar parte activa = become + involved, get + active.

* tomar parte en = join in.

* tomar parte en el asunto = enter + the fray.

* tomar parte en en el asunto = be part of the picture.

* tomar partido = take + sides.

* tomar partido por = side with.

* tomar partido por Alguien = side in + Posesivo + favour.

* tomar por asalto = take + Nombre + by storm, take + Nombre + by storm.

* tomar por defecto = default to.

* tomar por omisión = default to.

* tomar por sorpresa = storm.

* tomar por término medio = average.

* tomar posesión de un cargo = swear in, take + office.

* tomar precaución = take + precaution, take + caution.

* tomar represalias contra = retaliate against, clamp down on.

* tomar represalias contra Alguien = hold + it against.

* tomarse Algo a la ligera = take + Nombre + lightly.

* tomarse Algo a pecho = take to + heart.

* tomarse Algo con calma = take + Posesivo + time.

* tomarse Algo con humor = take + Nombre + in good humour.

* tomarse Algo de buen grado = take + Nombre + in good humour.

* tomarse Algo en serio = take to + heart.

* tomarse Algo tranquilo = take + Posesivo + time.

* tomarse el tiempo que Uno necesita = take + Posesivo + time.

* tomarse en serio = take + seriously, get + serious.

* tomarse excedencia en el trabajo = take + leave from + employment.

* tomarse + Expresión Temporal + de asuntos propios = take + Expresión Temporal + off, have + Expresión Temporal + off work.

* tomarse + Expresión Temporal + de permiso en el trabajo = take + Expresión Temporal + off, have + Expresión Temporal + off work.

* tomarse + Expresión Temporal + de vacaciones = take + Expresión Temporal + off, have + Expresión Temporal + off work.

* tomarse interés por = take + an interest in.

* tomarse la libertad de = take + the liberty of.

* tomarse la molestia = take + the trouble to.

* tomarse la molestia de = take + the time and effort, take + the time to + Infinitivo.

* tomarse la pastilla diaria de la malaleche = take + Posesivo + daily mean pill.

* tomarse las cosas a la ligera = make + light of things.

* tomarse las cosas con calma = keep + a cool head, play it + cool.

* tomarse la venganza = wreak + vengeance upon.

* tomarse libertades = take + liberties.

* tomárselo bien = take it in + Posesivo + stride.

* tomárselo con calma = hang + loose, take it + easy, keep + a cool head, play it + cool.

* tomárselo tranquilo = hang + loose, take it + easy.

* tomarse + Tiempo + de excedencia = take + Tiempo + off from work, take + Tiempo + off.

* tomarse un descanso = take + time out, take + Posesivo + break, lie on + Posesivo + oars, rest on + Posesivo + oars.

* tomarse unos días de asuntos propios = take + time off work.

* tomarse unos días de asuntos propios = take + time off, take + time out.

* tomarse unos días de descanso = take + a break from work.

* tomarse unos días de permiso = take + a leave of absence.

* tomarse unos días de permiso en el trabajo = take + time off work.

* tomarse unos días de permiso en el trabajo = take + time off, take + time out.

* tomarse unos días de vacaciones = take + time off, take + time out, take + time off work.

* tomarse un respiro = lie on + Posesivo + oars, rest on + Posesivo + oars.

* tomarse un trago = take + a swig.

* tomar tiempo = take + time, take + long.

* tomar una decisión = make + decision, make + judgement, take + decision, reach + decision, make up + Posesivo + (own) mind, adopt + decision.

* tomar una decisión sin conocer todos los datos = make + uninformed decision.

* tomar una decisión sin consultar con nadie = take it upon + Reflexivo + to.

* tomar una dirección = take + direction.

* tomar una foto = snap + the camera.

* tomar una fotografía = take + picture.

* tomar una opción = take up + option.

* tomar una postura = take + viewpoint, adopt + a stance, take + position, take + a stance.

* tomar una postura firme = take + a stand (against).

* tomar una postura intransigente = take + a hard stand.

* tomar un atajo por = cut across.

* tomar un descanso = take + a breather, take + a break from work.

* tomar un gran riesgo = play (for) + high stakes, play (for) + high stakes.

* tomar un papel secundario = take + a back seat.

* tomar un paso decisivo = take + the plunge.

* tomar un tono + Adjetivo = take on + Adjetivo + character.

* ventaja del primero en tomar la iniciativa = first-mover advantage.

* vete a tomar por culo = fuck off.

* volver a tomar = regain, retake.

* * *
1.
verbo transitivo

Sentido I

1) (asir, agarrar) to take

toma lo que te debo — here's what I owe you

¿lo puedo tomar prestado? — can I borrow it?

la tomé de la mano — I took her by the hand

tomar las armas — to take up arms

tomar algo DE algo — to take something from something

2)

a) (Mil) <pueblo/ciudad> to take, capture; < tierras> to seize

b) <universidad/fábrica> to occupy

3) ( hacerse cargo de)

tomó el asunto en sus manos — she took charge of the matter

tomó la responsabilidad del negocio — he took over the running of the business

tomó a su cuidado a las niñas — she took the girls into her care

4)

a) ( beber) to drink

tomó un sorbito — she took a sip

el niño toma (el) pecho — the baby's being breast-fed

b) (servirse, consumir) to have

ven a tomar una copa — come and have a drink

¿vamos a tomar algo? — shall we go for a drink?

c) <medicamento/vitaminas> to take

5) <tren/taxi/ascensor> to take; <calle/atajo> to take

6)

a) (medir, registrar) to take

tomarle la temperatura/la tensión a alguien — to take somebody's temperature/blood pressure

b) <notas/apuntes> to take

tomar algo por escrito — to write something down

tomarle declaraciones a alguien — to take a statement from somebody

la maestra me tomó la lección — the teacher made me recite the lesson

c) < foto> to take

7) ( adoptar) <medidas/actitud> to take, adopt; < precauciones> to take; < decisión> to make, take

tomó la determinación de no volver a verlo — she decided not to see him again

8)

a)

tomar a alguien por esposo/esposa — (frml) to take somebody as o to be one's husband/wife

b) (esp AmL) ( contratar) to take on

lo tomaron a prueba — they took him on for a trial period

c) profesor <alumnos/clases> to take on

d) colegio < niño> to take

9) ( confundir)

tomar algo/a alguien POR algo/alguien — to take something/somebody for something/somebody

¿por quién me has tomado? — who o what do you take me for?

te van a tomar por tonto — they'll take you for a fool, they'll think you're stupid

me tomó por mi hermana — he mistook me for my sister

10) ( reaccionar frente a) <noticia/comentario> to take

tómalo como de quien viene — take it with a grain (AmE) o (BrE) pinch of salt

lo tomó a mal/a broma — he took it the wrong way/as a joke

11) < tiempo> to take

eso toma demasiado tiempo — that takes up too much time

12) ( en costura) to take in

Sentido II

13) ( adquirir)

a) < forma> to take; < aspecto> to take on

el pollo está empezando a tomar color — the chicken's beginning to brown

dado el cariz que están tomando las cosas... — the way things are going...

b) <velocidad/altura> to gain

c) < costumbre> to get into

14) ( cobrar) <cariño/asco>

tomarle algo A algo/alguien: le he tomado cariño a esta casa/a la niña I've become quite attached to this house/quite fond of the girl; les ha tomado asco a los mejillones he's gone right off mussels (colloq); justo ahora que le estoy tomando el gusto just when I was getting to like it; tomarla con alguien/algo — (fam) to take against somebody/something

Sentido III

15)

a) ( exponerse a)

tomar el aire or el fresco — to get some (fresh) air

tomar (el) sol — to sunbathe

vas a tomar frío — (RPl) you'll get o catch cold

b) <baño/ducha> to take, have

16) ( recibir) < clases> to take; < curso> to take, do (BrE)
2.
tomar vi

1) ( asir)

toma, léelo tú misma — here, read it yourself

toma, aquí tienes tus tijeras — here are your scissors

tome, yo no lo necesito — take it, I don't need it

2) (esp AmL) ( beber alcohol) to drink

3) (AmL) (ir) to go

tomaron para el norte/por allí — they went north/that way

tomar a la derecha — to turn o go right

4) injerto to take
3.
tomarse v pron

1) <vacaciones/tiempo> to take

se tomó el día libre — he took the day off

tómate todo el tiempo que quieras — take as long as you like

2) <molestia/libertad> to take

tomarse la molestia/libertad de + inf — to take the trouble to + inf/the liberty of + ger

ya me tomaré la revancha — I'll get even one of these days

3) (enf)

a) <café/vino> to drink

se toma todo lo que gana — (AmL) he spends everything he earns on drink

b) <medicamento/vitaminas> to take

c) <desayuno/merienda/sopa> to eat, have; <helado/yogur> to have

4) <autobús/tren/taxi> to take

5) (Med)

a) (refl) to take

se tomó la temperatura — she took her temperature

b) (caus)

tomarse la presión or la tensión — to have one's blood pressure taken

6) (caus) (esp AmL) < foto> to have... taken

7) (enf) ( reaccionar frente a) <comentario/noticia> to take

no te lo tomes a mal — don't take it the wrong way

8) (Chi) <universidad/fábrica> to occupy

* * *

= capture, take, take (in/into), usurp, pull from, pull off, spring for, swig.

Ex: In those early days, so the story goes, the library movement was in danger of being captured by an aristocratic intellectual class designing to make the public library an elitist center for scholarly research.

Ex: If we take Cindi, Albert will almost surely grieve.

Ex: For example, a computer on board a space ship, o even in some cars, takes in data, works out settings, displays results completely automatically.

Ex: Peter Jackaman fears 'that public libraries have failed to grasp the opportunity which this development offered, and as result their potential role has, in many cases, been usurped by other agencies'.

Ex: The data is pulled directly from all the bibliographic data bases on DIALOG that have a JN field.

Ex: One of its main advantages is the potential to pull off descriptive entries onto disc to create annotated booklists.

Ex: If I decide to spring for this I'll let you in on what I find out.

Ex: One day she indulged in her habit of swigging too much gin before going to feed the porker and after opening its pen she slumped in a heap.

* de armas tomar = redoubtable.

* desventaja del primero en tomar la iniciativa = first-mover disadvantage.

* disfrutar tomando el sol = bask.

* estar tomando + Fármaco = be on + Fármaco.

* irse a tomar por culo = naff off.

* llevar a tomar una decisión = lead (up) to + decision.

* lo tomas o lo dejas = take it or leave it.

* necesitar tomar cierto tipo de decisiones = require + judgement, require + judgement, require + an exercise of + judgement.

* no ser para tomárselo a risa = be no laughing matter.

* no tomándose a uno como el centro de referencia = ex-centric [excentric].

* no tomárselo bien = not take + kindly to, not take + kindly to.

* para tomar medidas = for action.

* persona que toma la última decisión = decider.

* primero en tomar la iniciativa = first mover.

* que se toma las cosas con calma = laid-back, laid-back.

* que toma parte en = involved in.

* responsable de tomar decisiones = decision maker [decision-maker].

* reunión para tomar café = coffee party.

* salir a tomar una copa = go out for + a drink.

* ser de armas tomar = be a (real) handful.

* tomándose a uno como centro de referencia = centric.

* tomar a Alguien bajo + Posesivo + tutela = take + Nombre + under + Posesivo + wings.

* tomar a la ligera = take + lightly.

* tomar aliento = draw + a breath.

* tomar armas = take up + arms.

* tomar a saco = take + Nombre + by storm.

* tomar asiento = take + a seat (on).

* tomar a sorbos = sip.

* tomar atajos = take + shortcuts.

* tomar cariño a = grow + fond of.

* tomar carta en = get + stuck into.

* tomar como ejemplo = take.

* tomar como modelo = pattern.

* tomar como punto de partida = build on/upon.

* tomar como responsabilidad propia = take it upon + Reflexivo + to.

* tomar conciencia = sensitise [sensitize, -USA], enhance + awareness.

* tomar copas = tipple.

* tomar decisión = make + choices.

* tomar decisiones = exercise + judgement.

* tomar decisiones con conocimiento de causa = make + informed decisions.

* tomar decisiones fundadas = make + informed decisions.

* tomar decisiones por Alguien = take + decisions in + Posesivo + name.

* tomar ejemplo de = take + a lead from.

* tomar el control = take + the helm.

* tomar el control de = take + control of.

* tomar el mando = take + the helm.

* tomar el pelo = tease, twit, taunt.

* tomar el poder = take + power.

* tomar el pulso a Algo = take + the pulse.

* tomar el relevo = hand over + the torch, pass (on) + the torch, pass (on) + the baton, take it from here.

* tomar el relevo (de) = take over + the leadership (from).

* tomar el relevo en el mando = take over + the helm.

* tomar el relevo en el timón = take over + the helm.

* tomar el sol = sunbathe, sun + Reflexivo, soak up + rays.

* tomar el sol con gusto = bask.

* tomar el tiempo = time.

* tomar el timón = take + the helm.

* tomar en consideración = allow for, take into + consideration.

* tomar en sentido literal = take + Nombre + at face value, accept + Nombre + at face value.

* tomar forma = take + form, take + shape, assume + form, shape up.

* tomarla con Alguien = turn on + Nombre.

* tomar la decisión más acertada dadas las circunstancias = do + the best thing in the circumstances.

* tomar la delantera = take + a lead, take + an early lead.

* tomar la iniciativa = seize + the initiative, take + initiative, take + a lead, step up.

* tomar la iniciativa en + Infinitivo = take + the lead in + Gerundio.

* tomar la mano = take + Posesivo + hand.

* tomar la palabra sin dejar hablar a los demás = hog + the floor.

* tomar la responsabilidad = take + responsibility.

* tomar las decisiones = call + the shots, be the boss, call + the tune, rule + the roost, set + the agenda.

* tomar las riendas = take (over) + the reins.

* tomar las riendas del poder = take + the reins of power.

* tomarle afición a = acquire + a taste for, develop + a taste for.

* tomarle el gusto a = acquire + a taste for, develop + a taste for.

* tomarle el pelo a = make + fun of.

* tomarle la palabra a Alguien = take + Nombre + at + Posesivo + word.

* tomar medicamentos = take + drugs.

* tomar medida = take + action step.

* tomar medidas = follow + steps, take + precaution, take + steps, take + measures, produce + contingency plan, make + contingency plan, apply + measures, undertake + action.

* tomar medidas (contra) = take + action (against).

* tomar medidas correctivas = pose + corrective action, take + corrective action, take + remedial action.

* tomar medidas demasiado drásticas = throw + the baby out with the bath water, throw + the baby out with the bath water.

* tomar medidas de seguridad = take + safety precautions.

* tomar medidas de seguridad más estrictas = tighten + security.

* tomar medidas drásticas contra = clamp down on.

* tomar medidas enérgicas contra = crack down on.

* tomar medidas preventivas = take + preventive measures.

* tomar nota = make + a note, take + note.

* tomar nota de = note.

* tomar otra decisión = decision to the contrary.

* tomar otra dirección = branch off + on a side trail.

* tomar parte = involve, take + part, become + involved.

* tomar parte activa = become + involved, get + active.

* tomar parte en = join in.

* tomar parte en el asunto = enter + the fray.

* tomar parte en en el asunto = be part of the picture.

* tomar partido = take + sides.

* tomar partido por = side with.

* tomar partido por Alguien = side in + Posesivo + favour.

* tomar por asalto = take + Nombre + by storm, take + Nombre + by storm.

* tomar por defecto = default to.

* tomar por omisión = default to.

* tomar por sorpresa = storm.

* tomar por término medio = average.

* tomar posesión de un cargo = swear in, take + office.

* tomar precaución = take + precaution, take + caution.

* tomar represalias contra = retaliate against, clamp down on.

* tomar represalias contra Alguien = hold + it against.

* tomarse Algo a la ligera = take + Nombre + lightly.

* tomarse Algo a pecho = take to + heart.

* tomarse Algo con calma = take + Posesivo + time.

* tomarse Algo con humor = take + Nombre + in good humour.

* tomarse Algo de buen grado = take + Nombre + in good humour.

* tomarse Algo en serio = take to + heart.

* tomarse Algo tranquilo = take + Posesivo + time.

* tomarse el tiempo que Uno necesita = take + Posesivo + time.

* tomarse en serio = take + seriously, get + serious.

* tomarse excedencia en el trabajo = take + leave from + employment.

* tomarse + Expresión Temporal + de asuntos propios = take + Expresión Temporal + off, have + Expresión Temporal + off work.

* tomarse + Expresión Temporal + de permiso en el trabajo = take + Expresión Temporal + off, have + Expresión Temporal + off work.

* tomarse + Expresión Temporal + de vacaciones = take + Expresión Temporal + off, have + Expresión Temporal + off work.

* tomarse interés por = take + an interest in.

* tomarse la libertad de = take + the liberty of.

* tomarse la molestia = take + the trouble to.

* tomarse la molestia de = take + the time and effort, take + the time to + Infinitivo.

* tomarse la pastilla diaria de la malaleche = take + Posesivo + daily mean pill.

* tomarse las cosas a la ligera = make + light of things.

* tomarse las cosas con calma = keep + a cool head, play it + cool.

* tomarse la venganza = wreak + vengeance upon.

* tomarse libertades = take + liberties.

* tomárselo bien = take it in + Posesivo + stride.

* tomárselo con calma = hang + loose, take it + easy, keep + a cool head, play it + cool.

* tomárselo tranquilo = hang + loose, take it + easy.

* tomarse + Tiempo + de excedencia = take + Tiempo + off from work, take + Tiempo + off.

* tomarse un descanso = take + time out, take + Posesivo + break, lie on + Posesivo + oars, rest on + Posesivo + oars.

* tomarse unos días de asuntos propios = take + time off work.

* tomarse unos días de asuntos propios = take + time off, take + time out.

* tomarse unos días de descanso = take + a break from work.

* tomarse unos días de permiso = take + a leave of absence.

* tomarse unos días de permiso en el trabajo = take + time off work.

* tomarse unos días de permiso en el trabajo = take + time off, take + time out.

* tomarse unos días de vacaciones = take + time off, take + time out, take + time off work.

* tomarse un respiro = lie on + Posesivo + oars, rest on + Posesivo + oars.

* tomarse un trago = take + a swig.

* tomar tiempo = take + time, take + long.

* tomar una decisión = make + decision, make + judgement, take + decision, reach + decision, make up + Posesivo + (own) mind, adopt + decision.

* tomar una decisión sin conocer todos los datos = make + uninformed decision.

* tomar una decisión sin consultar con nadie = take it upon + Reflexivo + to.

* tomar una dirección = take + direction.

* tomar una foto = snap + the camera.

* tomar una fotografía = take + picture.

* tomar una opción = take up + option.

* tomar una postura = take + viewpoint, adopt + a stance, take + position, take + a stance.

* tomar una postura firme = take + a stand (against).

* tomar una postura intransigente = take + a hard stand.

* tomar un atajo por = cut across.

* tomar un descanso = take + a breather, take + a break from work.

* tomar un gran riesgo = play (for) + high stakes, play (for) + high stakes.

* tomar un papel secundario = take + a back seat.

* tomar un paso decisivo = take + the plunge.

* tomar un tono + Adjetivo = take on + Adjetivo + character.

* ventaja del primero en tomar la iniciativa = first-mover advantage.

* vete a tomar por culo = fuck off.

* volver a tomar = regain, retake.

* * *

tomar [A1 ]

vt

Sentido I

A (asir, agarrar) to take

toma lo que te debo here's o this is what I owe you

toma la mía, yo no la necesito have o take mine, I don't need it

¿lo puedo tomar prestado un momento? can I borrow it for a minute?

la tomé de la mano para cruzar la calle I took her by the hand o I held her hand to cross the street

le tomó la mano y la miró a los ojos he took her hand and looked into her eyes

tomó la pluma para escribirle he picked up the/his pen to write to her

tomar las armas to take up arms

tomar algo DE algo to take sth FROM sth

tomó un libro de la estantería he took a book from the shelf

los datos están tomados de las estadísticas oficiales the information is taken from official statistics

B

1 ( Mil) ‹pueblo/ciudad› to take, capture; ‹edificio› to seize, take

2 ‹universidad/fábrica› to occupy

C

(hacerse cargo de): tomó el asunto en sus manos she took charge of the matter

tomó la responsabilidad del negocio he took over the running of the business

tomó a su cuidado a las tres niñas she took the three girls into her care, she took the three girls in

D

1 (beber) to drink

no tomes esa agua don't drink that water

tomó un sorbito she took a sip

el niño toma (el) pecho the baby's being breast-fed

2 (servirse, consumir) to have

¿vamos a tomar algo? shall we go for a drink?

ven a tomar una copa/un helado come and have a drink/an ice cream

no quiere tomar la sopa she doesn't want (to eat) her soup

nos invitó a tomar el té/el aperitivo he invited us for tea/an aperitif

¿qué tomas? what'll you have? ( colloq), what would you like to drink?

¿qué vas a tomar de postre? what are you going to have for dessert?

no debe tomar grasas ( Esp); he's not allowed to eat fat

3 ‹medicamento/vitaminas› to take

E

1 ‹tren/taxi/ascensor› to take

¿por qué no tomas el tren? why don't you go by train?, why don't you take o get the train?

voy a ver si puedo tomar el tren de las cinco I'm going to try and catch the five o'clock train

2 ‹calle/atajo› to take

tome la primera a la derecha take the first (turning) on the right

tomó la curva a toda velocidad he took the curve at full speed

tomar tierra to land, touch down

F

1 (medir, registrar) to take

tomarle la temperatura/la tensión a algn to take sb's temperature/blood pressure

le tomé las medidas I took her measurements

2 ‹notas/apuntes› to take

tomó nota del número he took o noted down the number

¿quién tomó el recado? who took the message?

tomarle declaraciones a algn to take a statement from sb

me tomaron los datos they took (down) my details

la maestra me tomó la lección the teacher made me recite the lesson

3 ‹foto› to take

le tomé varias fotos I took several photographs of her

tomaron una película de la boda they filmed/videoed the wedding

G

1

tomar a algn por esposo/esposa ( frml); to take sb as o to be one's husband/wife

2 ( esp AmL) (contratar) to take on

lo tomaron a prueba they took him on for a trial period

3 «profesor» ‹alumnos/clases› to take on

4 «colegio» ‹niño› to take

H (adoptar) ‹medidas/actitud› to take, adopt; ‹precauciones› to take

ha tomado la determinación de no volver a verlo she has decided not to see him again

la decisión tomada por la directiva the decision taken by the board of directors

aún no han tomado una decisión they haven't reached a decision yet

tomó el nombre de su marido she took her husband's name

tomando este punto como referencia taking this as our reference point

I (confundir) tomar algo/a algn POR algo/algn:

¿por quién me has tomado? who o what do you take me for?

te van a tomar por tonto they'll take you for a fool, they'll think you're stupid

me tomó por mi hermana he mistook me for my sister

J (reaccionar frente a) ‹noticia/comentario› to take

lo tomó a broma he took it as a joke

tómalo como de quien viene take it with a grain ( AmE) o ( BrE) pinch of salt

no lo tomes a mal don't take it the wrong way

K ‹tiempo› to take

le tomó tres años escribir la tesis it took him three years to write his thesis

un jardín tan grande toma demasiado tiempo a garden this/that big takes up too much time

L (en costura) to take in

Sentido II

A (adquirir)

1 ‹forma› to take; ‹aspecto› to take on

el pollo está empezando a tomar color the chicken's beginning to brown o to go brown

no me gusta nada el cariz que están tomando las cosas I don't like the way things are going o are shaping up

2 ‹velocidad› to gain, get up, gather; ‹altura› to gain

echó una carrera para tomar impulso he took a running start to get some momentum

se detuvo un momento para tomar aliento he stopped for a moment to get o catch his breath

3 ‹costumbre› to get into

4

tomar conciencia: hay que hacerle tomar conciencia de la gravedad del problema he must be made to realize o be made aware of the seriousness of the problem

B (cobrar) ‹cariño/asco› tomarle algo A algo/algn:

le he tomado cariño a esta casa I've become quite attached to this house

ahora que le estoy tomando el gusto, me tengo que ir just when I was getting to like it, I have to go

les ha tomado asco a los mejillones he's taken a dislike to mussels, he's gone right off mussels ( colloq)

tomarla con algn/algo ( fam); to take against sb/sth

la han tomado conmigo they've taken against me, they have o they've got it in for me

la tiene tomada con la pobre chica he's got o he has it in for the poor girl

Sentido III

A

1

(exponerse a): tomar el aire or tomar el fresco or (CS) tomar aire to get some (fresh) air

tomar el sol or (CS, Méx) tomar sol to sunbathe

vas a tomar frío (CS); you'll get o catch cold

2 ‹baño/ducha› to take, have

B (recibir) ‹clases› to take; ‹curso› to take, do ( BrE)

estoy tomando clases de ruso I'm taking o having Russian classes

tomé cinco lecciones con él I had five lessons with him

■ tomar

vi

A

(asir): toma, léelo tú misma here, read it yourself

toma y vete a comprar unos caramelos here you are, go and buy some candy

toma, aquí tienes tu tijera here are your scissors

tome, yo no lo necesito take it, I don't need it

¡toma! ( Esp fam): ¡toma! ése sí que es un tío guapo hey! now that's what I call handsome! ( colloq)

¿no querías pelea? pues ¡toma! you wanted a fight? well, now you're going to get one!

tomá de acá ( RPl fam): ¿que le preste la bici? ¡tomá de acá! lend him my bike? no way! o like hell I will! ( colloq)

¡toma ya! ( Esp fam): ¡toma ya! ¡qué estupideces dices, tío! boy o good grief o ( AmE) jeez! you really do come out with some stupid remarks! ( colloq)

¡toma ya! lo ha vuelto a tirar for heaven's sake, he's knocked it over again!, jeez ( AmE) o ( BrE) for Pete's sake, he's knocked it over again! ( colloq)

B ( esp AmL) (beber alcohol) to drink

C ( AmL) (ir) to go

tomar a la derecha to turn o go right

D «injerto» to take

■ tomarse

v pron

A

1 ‹vacaciones› to take

se tomó el día libre he took the day off

2 ‹tiempo› to take

tómate todo el tiempo que quieras take as long as you like

B ‹molestia/trabajo›

ni siquiera se tomó la molestia de avisarnos he didn't even bother to tell us

se tomó el trabajo de buscar en los archivos he went to the trouble of looking through the files

me tomé la libertad de usar el teléfono I took the liberty of using your phone

ya me tomaré la revancha I'll get even o I'll get my own back one of these days

C ( enf)

1 ‹café/vino› to drink

se toma todo lo que gana ( AmL); he spends everything he earns on drink

2 ‹medicamento/vitaminas› to take

3 ‹desayuno/merienda› to eat, have; ‹helado/yogur› to have

tómate toda la sopa eat up all your soup

se tomó un filete ( Esp); he had a steak

D ‹autobús/tren/taxi› to take

tomárselas ( RPl fam); to go, clear off ( colloq)

yo me las tomo I'm off! ( colloq), I'm taking off! ( AmE colloq)

E ( Med)

1 ( refl) to take

se tomó la temperatura she took her temperature

2 ( caus):

tomarse la presión or la tensión to have one's blood pressure taken

F ( caus) ( esp AmL) ‹foto› to have … taken

me tomé unas fotos para el pasaporte I had some photos taken for my passport

G ( enf) (reaccionar frente a) ‹comentario/noticia› to take

se lo tomó a broma or chiste or risa she took it as a joke

se tomó muy a mal que no la llamaras she was very put out that you didn't phone her

H ( Chi) ‹universidad/fábrica› to occupy

* * *

tomar ( conjugate tomar) verbo transitivo
1 ( en general) to take;
◊ tomé un libro de la estantería I took a book from the shelf;

la tomé de la mano I took her by the hand;
toma lo que te debo here's what I owe you;
¿lo puedo tomar prestado? can I borrow it?;
tomó el asunto en sus manos she took charge of the matter;
tomar precauciones/el tren/una foto to take precautions/the train/a picture;
tomarle la temperatura a algn to take sb's temperature;
tomar algo por escrito to write sth down;
tomar algo/a algn POR algo/algn to take sth/sb for sth/sb;
¿por quién me has tomado? who o what do you take me for?;
lo tomó a mal/a broma he took it the wrong way/as a joke;
eso toma demasiado tiempo that takes up too much time
2
a) ( beber) to drink;

◊ el niño toma (el) pecho the baby's being breast-fed

b) (servirse, consumir) to have;

◊ ¿qué vas a tomar? what are you going to have?

3 (esp AmL)
a) ( contratar) to take on

b) [ profesor] ‹alumnos/clases› to take on

c) [ colegio] ‹ niño› to take

4 ( apoderarse de) ‹fortaleza/tierras› to seize;
‹universidad/fábrica› to occupy
5 ( adquirir) ‹ forma› to take;
‹ aspecto› to take on;
‹velocidad/altura› to gain;
‹ costumbre› to get into
6 ( cobrar):
◊ le he tomado cariño a esta casa/a la niña I've become quite attached to this house/quite fond of the girl

7 ( exponerse a):
◊ tomar el aire to get some (fresh) air;

tomar (el) sol to sunbathe;
vas a tomar frío (CS) you'll get o catch cold
verbo intransitivo
1 ( asir):
◊ toma, aquí tienes tus tijeras here are your scissors;

tome, yo no lo necesito take it, I don't need it
2 (esp AmL) ( beber alcohol) to drink
3 (AmL) (ir) to go;
◊ tomaron para el norte they went north;

tomar a la derecha to turn o go right
4 [ injerto] to take
tomarse verbo pronominal
1 ‹vacaciones/tiempo› to take;
◊ se tomó el día libre he took the day off

2 ‹molestia/libertad› to take;
◊ tomarse la molestia/libertad de hacer algo to take the trouble to do sth/the liberty of doing sth

3 ( enf)
a) ‹café/vino› to drink

b) ‹medicamento/vitaminas› to take

c) ‹desayuno/merienda/sopa› to eat, have;

‹helado/yogur› to have
4 ‹autobús/tren/taxi› to take
5 (Med)
a) ( refl) to take;

◊ se tomó la temperatura she took her temperature

b) ( caus):

◊ tomarse la tensión to have one's blood pressure taken

6 ( caus) (esp AmL) ‹ foto› to have … taken
7 ( enf) ( reaccionar frente a) ‹comentario/noticia› to take;
◊ no te lo tomes a mal don't take it the wrong way

8 (Chi) ‹universidad/fábrica› to occupy
tomar verbo transitivo
1 (coger, agarrar) to take: tomó mi mano, he took my hand
toma las llaves, here are the keys
2 (autobús, taxi, etc) to take, catch: tomé el ascensor, I took the lift o elevator
tengo que tomar el próximo tren, I have to catch the next train
3 (alimentos) to have
(bebidas) to drink
(medicinas) to take
4 (adoptar) to take, adopt: tomaron medidas desesperadas, they took desperate measures
5 (tener cierta reacción) no lo tomes a broma, don't take it as a joke
6 (juzgar) no me tomes por idiota, don't think I'm stupid
(confundirse) le tomaron por Robert Redford, they mistook him for Robert Redford
7 (el aire, el fresco, etc) to get
tomar el sol, to sunbathe
8 (en carretera) decidió tomar la autopista, he decided to take the motorway
9 (apuntes, notas) to take
10 (fotos) to take
11 Av tomar tierra, to land, touch down 12 ¡toma! excl (sorpresa) well!, why!
(asentimiento) of course!
' tomar' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
adelantarse
- aire
- apetecer
- apunte
- arma
- asunto
- baño
- birra
- cachondeo
- carrerilla
- carta
- competer
- concernir
- conciencia
- contingencia
- copa
- cuerpo
- deber
- decisión
- delantera
- derivar
- desviarse
- determinar
- determinación
- drogodependencia
- especificación
- granulada
- granulado
- impulso
- iniciativa
- jugar
- mal
- meterse
- nota
- parte
- partida
- partido
- pecho
- pensar
- pito
- poder
- posesión
- precaución
- pulso
- reírse
- relevo
- represalia
- resolver
- sol
- tierra
English:
account
- action
- antidepressant
- beach
- borrow
- capture
- catch
- change
- clamp down
- coffee break
- come off
- compel
- confuse
- corner
- crack down
- crackdown
- cut across
- drink
- eight
- either
- engage in
- face value
- form
- govern
- have
- join
- join in
- jot down
- laugh off
- less
- lightly
- make
- measure
- mental
- mickey
- mind
- monotony
- muck about
- muck around
- note
- occupy
- off
- office
- pause
- precaution
- provision
- record
- rest
- retaliate
- rib

* * *

tomar

♦ vt

1. [agarrar] to take;

me tomó de un brazo he took me by the arm;

tomó el dinero y se fue she took the money and left;

tómalo, ya no me hace falta take o have it, I no longer need it;

toma el libro que me pediste here's the book you asked me for;
Fam
¡toma ésa! [expresa venganza] that'll teach you!, chew on that!

2. [sacar, obtener] to take;

este ejemplo lo tomé del libro I took this example from the book;

fue al sastre para que le tomara las medidas he went to the tailor's to have his measurements taken;

toma unos planos de la casa [con cámara] take a few shots of the house;

tomar fotos (a o [m5] de) to take photos (of);

tomar declaración a alguien to take a statement from sb;

tomarle la lección a alguien to test sb on what they've learned at school;

tomar unas muestras de orina/sangre (a alguien) to take some urine/blood samples (from sb);

tomar la tensión/temperatura a alguien to take sb's blood pressure/temperature

3. [ingerir] [alimento, medicina, droga] to take;

¿qué quieres tomar? [beber] what would you like (to drink)?;
Esp [comer] what would you like (to eat)?;
¿quieres tomar algo (de beber)? would you like something to drink?;
Esp
¿quieres tomar algo (de comer)? would you like something to eat?;

tomé sopa I had soup;

no tomo alcohol I don't drink (alcohol)

4. [exponerse a]
tomar el sol, Am [m5] tomar sol to sunbathe;

salir a tomar el aire, Am [m5] salir a tomar aire to go out for a breath of fresh air;

salir a tomar el fresco to go out for a breath of fresh air;
RP
tomar frío to catch a chill;

tomó frío, por eso se engripó she caught a chill, that's why she came down with flu

5. [desplazarse mediante] [autobús, tren] to catch;
[taxi, ascensor, telesilla] to take;
tomaré el último vuelo I'll be on the last flight;

podríamos tomar el tren we could go by train;

tomaron un atajo they took a short-cut

6. [recibir] to take;

toma lecciones de piano she is taking o having piano lessons;

he tomado un curso de jardinería I've taken o done a course on gardening;

toma mi consejo y… take my advice and…;

¿tomas a María por esposa? do you take María to be your lawfully wedded wife?

7. [apuntar] [datos, información] to take down;

tomar apuntes o [m5] notas to take notes;

tomar algo por escrito to take o write sth down;

el secretario iba tomando nota de todo the secretary noted everything down

8. [baño, ducha] to take, to have

9. [adoptar] [medidas, precauciones, decisión] to take;
[actitud, costumbre, modales] to adopt;
tomar la determinación de hacer algo to determine o decide to do sth;

el Presidente debe tomar una postura sobre este asunto the President should state his opinion on this matter

10. [adquirir, cobrar] [velocidad] to gain, to gather;

las cosas están tomando mejor aspecto con este gobierno things are looking up under this government;

el avión fue tomando altura the plane climbed;

tomar confianza to grow in confidence, to become more assured;

la obra ya está tomando forma the play is beginning to take shape;

tomar fuerzas to gather one's strength;

voy tomándole el gusto a esto del esquí acuático water-skiing is starting to grow on me;

tomar interés por algo to get o grow interested in sth;

tomarle manía/cariño a to take a dislike/a liking to;

las negociaciones tomaron un rumbo favorable the negotiations started to go better

11. [asumir, encargarse de]
tomar el control to take control;

el copiloto tomó el mando the copilot took over;

él tomó sobre sí o [m5] sobre sus espaldas toda la responsabilidad he assumed full responsibility

12. [reaccionar a] to take;

¿qué tal tomó la noticia? how did she take the news?;

las cosas hay que tomarlas como vienen you have to take things as they come;

tómalo con calma take it easy

13. [llevar] [tiempo] to take;

me tomó mucho tiempo limpiarlo todo it took me a long time to clean it all

14. [contratar] to take on

15. [invadir] to take;

las tropas tomaron la ciudad the troops took o seized the city;

los estudiantes tomaron la universidad the students occupied the university

16. Fam
tomarla con alguien to have it in for sb

17. [confundir]
tomar a alguien por algo/alguien to take sb for sth/sb;

¿por quién me tomas o [m5] has tomado? what do you take me for?;

lo tomé por el jefe I took o mistook him for the boss;

¿tú me tomas por tonto o qué? do you think I'm stupid or something?

♦ vi

1. [encaminarse] to go;

toma a la derecha/izquierda turn o go right/left;

tomamos hacia el sur we headed south;

toma por ahí/por ese camino go that way/down that road

2. [en imperativo] [al dar algo]
¡toma! here you are!;

toma, dale esto a tu madre here, give this to your mother

3. Fam [como interjección]
¡toma! [expresa sorpresa] good grief!, Br blimey!;

necesito unas vacaciones – ¡tomar! ¡y yo! I need a Br holiday o US vacation – what, and I don't?;

¡tomar ya!, ¡qué golazo! how's that for a goal?

4. Am [beber alcohol] to drink

♦ See also the pronominal verb tomarse

* * *

tomar

I v/t take; decisión tb

make; bebida, comida have;

tenerla tomada o

tomarla con alguien fam have it in for s.o. fam ;

tomar el sol sunbathe;

¡toma! here (you are);

¡toma ya! serves you right!;

¿por quién me toma? what do you take me for?;

toma y daca give and take;

tomar las de Villadiego fam hightail it fam

II v/i

1 L.Am.

drink

2

:

tomar por la derecha take a right, turn right

* * *

tomar vt

1) : to take

tomé el libro: I took the book

tomar un taxi: to take a taxi

tomar una foto: to take a photo

toma dos años: it takes two years

tomaron medidas drásticas: they took drastic measures

2) beber: to drink

3) capturar: to capture, to seize

4)

tomar el sol : to sunbathe

5)

tomar tierra : to land

tomar vi

: to drink (alcohol)

♦ See also the reflexive verb tomarse

* * *

tomar vb

1. (en general) to take [pt. took; pp. taken]

tomó un pastel de la bandeja he took a cake from the tray

las tropas tomaron la ciudad the troops took the city

tomaron el autobús they took the bus

tomó apuntes she took notes

toma, es tuyo here, this is yours

2. (comer, beber) to have

tomo café y tostadas para desayunar I have toast and coffee for breakfast

tomamos mucha agua we drink a lot of water

¿quieres tomar algo? would you like a drink?

tomarle el pelo a alguien to pull someone's leg

tomar el sol to sunbathe

tomar el fresco to get some fresh air

tomar por to take for

¿me tomas por tonto? do you take me for a fool?

Spanish-English dictionary > tomar
7 Zeit

Präp. (+ Gen): zeit seines etc. Lebens gesamt: his etc. whole life long; (von da an) for the rest of his etc. life; zeitlebens

* * *

die Zeit

(Ablauf) time;

(Grammatik) tense;

(Uhrzeit) hour; time;

(Zeitalter) age; era

* * *
[tsait]
f -, -en

1) time; (= Epoche) age

die gute alte Zéít — the good old days

es erinnerte ihn an alte Zéíten — it reminded him of the old days

das waren noch Zéíten! — those were the days

die Zéíten sind schlecht — times are bad

die Zéíten haben sich geändert — times have changed

die Zéít Goethes — the age of Goethe

die damalige Zéít machte die Einführung neuer Methoden erforderlich — the situation at the time required the introduction of new methods

wenn Zéít und Umstände es erfordern — if circumstances demand it, if the situation requires it

die jetzigen Zéíten erfordern,... — the present situation requires...

für alle Zéíten — for ever, for all time (liter)

etw für alle Zéíten entscheiden — to decide sth once and for all

in seiner/ihrer besten Zéít — at his/her peak

mit der Zéít gehen — to move with the times

vor der Zéít alt werden — to get old before one's time

Zéít — before sb's time

die Zéít ist knapp bemessen — time is short

die Zéít verging wie im Flug — time flew by

die Zéít wurde mir lang — time hung heavy on my hands

eine lange Zéít her sein or zurückliegen, dass... — to be a long time (ago or back) since...

eine Stunde Zéít haben — to have an hour (to spare)

Fräulein Glück, haben Sie vielleicht einen Augenblick Zéít? — Miss Glück, do you have a moment?

für jdn/etw Zéít nehmen — to devote time to sb/sth

sich Zéít füreinander nehmen — to make time for one another

dafür muss ich mir mehr Zéít nehmen — I need more time for that

die Zéít nehmen, etw zu tun — to take the time to do sth

du hast dir aber reichlich Zéít gelassen — you certainly took your time

hier bin ich die längste Zéít gewesen — it's about time or it's high time I was going

keine Zéít verlieren — to lose no time

damit hat es noch Zéít — there's no rush or hurry, there's plenty of time

das hat Zéít bis morgen — that can wait until tomorrow

lass dir Zéít — take your time

... aller Zéíten —... of all time,... ever

auf bestimmte Zéít — for a certain length of time

auf unbestimmte Zéít — for an indefinite period

in letzter Zéít — recently

die ganze Zéít über — the whole time

eine Zéít lang — a while, a time

wir sind eine Zéít lang dortgeblieben — we stayed there (for) a while or for a time

eine Zéít lang ist das ganz schön — for a while or time it's quite nice

mit der Zéít — gradually, in time

nach Zéít bezahlt werden — to be paid by the hour

die Zéít heilt alle Wunden (Prov) — time is a great healer (prov)

auf Zéít spielen (Sport, fig) — to play for time

es wird langsam Zéít, dass... — it's about time that...

für dich wird es langsam Zéít, dass... — it's about time that you...

seine Zéít ist gekommen — his time has come

hast du (die) genaue Zéít? — do you have the exact time?

in der Zéít von 10 bis 12 — between 10 and 12 (o'clock)

es ist an der Zéít, dass... — it is about time or it's high time (that)...

Vertrag auf Zéít — fixed-term contract

Beamter auf Zéít — ≈ nonpermanent civil servant

Soldat auf Zéít — soldier serving for a set time

seit dieser Zéít — since then

zur Zéít or zu Zéíten Königin Viktorias — in Queen Victoria's time

zu der Zéít, als... — (at the time) when...

alles zu seiner Zéít (prov) — all in good time

von Zéít zu Zéít — from time to time

See:

→ kommen

2) (LING) tense

in welcher Zéít steht das Verb? — what tense is the verb in?

* * *

die

1) (a period of time during which something lasts: a spell of bad health.) spell

2) (the hour of the day: What time is it?; Can your child tell the time yet?) time

3) (the passage of days, years, events etc: time and space; Time will tell.) time

4) (the quantity of minutes, hours, days etc, eg spent in, or available for, a particular activity etc: This won't take much time to do; I enjoyed the time I spent in Paris; At the end of the exam, the supervisor called `Your time is up!') time

* * *

Zeit

<-, -en>

[tsait]

f

1. (Ablauf) time

wie doch die \Zeit vergeht! how time flies!

die \Zeit stand still time stood still

im Lauf der [o mit der] \Zeit in time, gradually

mit der \Zeit erholte er sich von seiner Krankheit as time passed, he recovered from his illness

mit der \Zeit wird sie darüber hinwegkommen she'll get over it in time

2. (Zeitraum) [period of] time

▪ eine \Zeit lang for a while [or a time]

die \Zeit ist knapp time is short

es ist erst kurze \Zeit her, dass... it's only a short time ago since...

Beamter auf \Zeit non-permanent civil servant

Vertrag auf \Zeit fixed-term contract

jdn auf \Zeit beschäftigen [o einstellen] to employ sb on a temporary basis

auf \Zeit kaufen BÖRSE to buy forward

etw auf \Zeit mieten to rent sth temporarily

auf bestimmte \Zeit for a certain length of time

auf unabsehbare \Zeit for an unforeseeable period, unforeseeably

auf unbestimmte \Zeit for an indefinite period, indefinitely

eine ganze/einige/längere \Zeit dauern to take quite some/some/a long time

die ganze \Zeit [über] the whole time

\Zeit gewinnen to gain time

[keine] \Zeit haben to [not] have time

\Zeit haben, etw zu tun to have the time to do sth

zehn Minuten/zwei Tage \Zeit haben[, etw zu tun] to have ten minutes/two days [to do sth]

haben Sie einen Augenblick \Zeit? have you got a moment to spare?

das hat [o damit hat es] noch \Zeit that can wait, there's no rush [or hurry]

mit etw dat hat es noch \Zeit sth can wait

in kurzer \Zeit very quickly

in kürzester \Zeit in no time

eine [o einige] \Zeit lang for a time

jdm wird die \Zeit lang sb is bored

jdm \Zeit lassen to give sb time

sich dat [mit etw dat] \Zeit lassen to take one's time [with sth]

in letzter \Zeit lately

in nächster \Zeit in the near future

in der \Zeit vom... bis... in the time between... and...

nach \Zeit bezahlt werden to be paid by the hour

sich dat [mehr] \Zeit [für jdn/etw] nehmen to devote [more] time [to sb/sth]

\Zeit raubend time-consuming

durch die \Zeit reisen to travel through time

\Zeit sparend time-saving

jdm die \Zeit stehlen (fam) to waste sb's time

keine \Zeit verlieren to not lose any more time

jdm/sich die \Zeit mit etw dat vertreiben to help sb/one pass the time with sth

vor langer \Zeit long [or a long time] ago

die \Zeit vor Weihnachten the period before Christmas

3. (Zeitpunkt) time

es ist [o wird] [höchste] \Zeit [o es ist an der \Zeit], etw zu tun it's [high] time to do sth

es ist höchste \Zeit, dass wir die Tickets kaufen it's high time we bought the tickets

es ist jetzt nicht die \Zeit, Entscheidungen zu treffen it's not the right time to make decisions

es wird [für jdn] \Zeit, dass... it's about time that [sb]...

wenn es an der \Zeit ist when the time is right

feste \Zeiten haben to have set times

zu gegebener \Zeit in due course

jds \Zeit ist gekommen (euph geh) sb's time has come euph

zur gleichen \Zeit at the same time

nächste Woche um diese \Zeit this time next week

zu nachtschlafender \Zeit in the middle of the night

seit dieser [o der] \Zeit since then

von \Zeit zu \Zeit from time to time

vor der \Zeit prematurely

vor seiner \Zeit alt werden/sterben to get old/die before one's time

zu jeder \Zeit at any time

zur rechten \Zeit at the right time

4. (Uhrzeit) time

jdn nach der \Zeit fragen to ask sb for the time

die genaue \Zeit the exact time

mitteleuropäische/westeuropäische \Zeit Central European/Greenwich Mean Time

5. (Epoche) age; (Lebensabschnitt) time

das waren noch \Zeiten those were the days

die \Zeiten ändern sich times are changing

das war die schönste \Zeit meines Lebens those were the best years of my life

... aller \Zeiten... of all times

die \Zeit der Aufklärung the age of enlightenment

in jds bester \Zeit at sb's peak

für alle \Zeiten for ever, for all time liter

ich wollte das für alle \Zeiten klarstellen I wanted to make that clear once and for all

mit der \Zeit gehen to move with the times

die gute alte \Zeit the good old days

in guten/schlechten \Zeiten in good/bad times

für kommende \Zeiten for times to come

für schlechte \Zeiten sparen to save money for a rainy day

seit uralten [o ewigen] \Zeiten since/from time immemorial

vor \Zeiten (liter) a long time ago

etw war vor jds \Zeit sth was before sb's time

jd ist seiner \Zeit voraus sb is ahead of his time

zu jener \Zeit at that time

zur \Zeit [o zu \Zeiten] Goethes in Goethe's day [or times

6. LING (Tempus) tense

7. SPORT time

eine gute \Zeit laufen to run a good time

auf \Zeit spielen to play for time

8.

▶ alle \Zeit der Welt haben to have all the time in the world

▶ alles zu seiner \Zeit all in good time

▶ die \Zeit arbeitet für jdn (fig) time is on sb's side

▶ die \Zeit drängt time presses

▶ \Zeit ist Geld time is money

▶ die \Zeit heilt alle Wunden (prov) time heals all wounds prov

▶ kommt \Zeit, kommt Rat (prov) things have a way of sorting themselves out

▶ wer nicht kommt zur rechten \Zeit, der muss nehmen, was übrig bleibt (prov) the early bird catches the worm prov

▶ ach du liebe \Zeit! (fam) goodness me! fam

▶ \Zeit schinden (fam) to play for time

▶ spare in der \Zeit, dann hast du in der Not (prov) waste not, want not

▶ die \Zeit totschlagen (fam) to kill time fam

* * *

die; Zeit, Zeiten

1) o. Pl. time no art.

im Laufe der Zeit — in the course of time

mit der Zeit — with time; in time; (allmählich) gradually

die Zeit arbeitet für/gegen jemanden — time is on somebody's side/is against somebody

keine Zeit verlieren dürfen — have no time to lose

die Zeit drängt — time is pressing; there is [precious] little time

sich (Dat.) die Zeit [mit etwas] vertreiben — pass the time [with/doing something]

jemandem Zeit/drei Tage usw. Zeit lassen — give somebody time/three days etc.

sich (Dat.) Zeit lassen — take one's time

sich (Dat.) für jemanden/etwas Zeit nehmen — make time for somebody/something

eine Zeit lang — for a while or a time

2) (Zeitpunkt) time

seit der od. dieser Zeit — since that time

um diese Zeit — at this time

vor der Zeit — prematurely; early

von Zeit zu Zeit — from time to time

zur Zeit — at the moment; at present

3) (Zeitabschnitt, Lebensabschnitt) time; period; (Geschichtsabschnitt) age; period

die erste Zeit — at first

auf Zeit — temporarily

ein Vertrag auf Zeit — a fixed-term contract

zu meiner Zeit — in my day

4) (Sport) time

die Zeit bei etwas stoppen — time something

über die Zeit kommen — (Boxen) go the distance

5) (Sprachw.) tense

* * *

Zeit f; -, -en

1. nur sg time;

auf Zeit Vertrag etc: fixed-term …;

Beamter/Soldat auf Zeit civil servant (appointed) on a fixed-term contract/soldier serving for a specified period of time;

eine Zeit lang for a while;

für alle Zeit obs forever;

(für) einige Zeit for a time;

es wird noch einige Zeit dauern, bis … it’ll be some time before …;

in meiner etc

freien Zeit in my etc free time;

die ganze Zeit hindurch the whole time;

sie hat es die ganze Zeit gewusst she knew all along ( oder all the time);

in kurzer Zeit (schnell) very quickly; (bald) very soon, shortly;

in kürzester Zeit in no time;

lange Zeit a long time;

vor langer Zeit long ago, a long time ago;

die längste Zeit umg long enough;

in letzter oder

der letzten Zeit lately, recently;

in nächster oder

der nächsten Zeit soon, presently;

im Laufe oder

mit der Zeit in the course of time; Vergangenheit: auch as time went on;

die Zeit schien stillzustehen time seemed to stand still;

die Zeit vergeht oder

verrinnt oder

verstreicht time goes by ( oder passes oder elapses);

wie doch die Zeit vergeht! how time flies!;

einige Zeit verstreichen lassen, bevor … wait a while before (+ger)

mir wird die Zeit nie lang I’ve got plenty to keep me occupied;

das dauert seine Zeit it takes time;

mir fehlt die Zeit I (just) haven’t got the time;

ich gebe dir Zeit bis morgen/5 Minuten Zeit I’ll give you till tomorrow/five minutes;

mit der Zeit gehen move ( oder keep up) with the times;

Zeit gewinnen gain time;

hast du ein paar Stunden Zeit? can you spare a couple of hours?;

sie hat nie Zeit für mich she never has any time for me;

wenn Sie Zeit haben whenever you have (the) time; (falls) if you have (the) time;

das hat Zeit (bis morgen) that can wait (till oder until tomorrow);

das hat Zeit oder

lass dir Zeit! there’s no hurry ( oder rush), take your time;

jemandem Zeit lassen give sb time;

sich (dat)

Zeit lassen take one’s time (

dazu over it);

sich (dat)

die Zeit nehmen zu (+inf) take time to (+inf)

er nimmt sich kaum Zeit zum Essen he hardly takes any time off to eat;

Zeit raubend → zeitraubend;

eine (viel) Zeit sparende Lösung a solution that will save (a lot of) time;

auf Zeit spielen play for time, temporize;

sich (dat)

die Zeit vertreiben while away the time;

die Zeit arbeitet für/gegen uns time is on our side/not on our side;

(die) Zeit heilt alle Wunden sprichw time is the great healer;

Zeit ist Geld sprichw time is money;

ach du liebe Zeit! umg goodness (me)!;

zu Zeiten (während) at the time of, in the days of

2. (Zeitraum) (period of) time; (Zeitalter) era, age;

in der Zeit vom … bis … in the time between … and …;

in Goethes Zeit oder

zur Zeit Goethes in Goethe’s day ( oder time);

das war vor meiner Zeit that was before my time;

zu meiner Zeit in my time; an der Uni etc: auch when I was at university (besonders US in college) etc;

seiner Zeit voraus sein be ahead of one’s time;

das waren noch Zeiten! those were the days;

die Zeiten sind vorbei, wo … time was when …;

die Zeit des Barock the baroque age ( oder era, period);

die Zeit vor dem zweiten Weltkrieg the period before the Second World War (besonders US World War II);

der beste Spieler etc

aller Zeiten the best player etc of all time;

für alle Zeiten for ever, for good;

ein Märchen aus alten Zeiten a tale from days of yore;

in alten oder liter

vor Zeiten in the olden days;

andere Zeiten, andere Sitten sprichw times have changed; auf vergangenen Zeitraum bezogen: things were very different in those days;

sie hat bessere Zeiten gesehen she’s seen better days;

seine beste Zeit hinter sich haben have had one’s day;

seit ewigen Zeiten for ages;

die gute alte Zeit the good old days;

für kommende Zeiten ist gesorgt we’re well prepared for the future;

schlechte oder

schwere Zeiten hard times;

für schlechte Zeiten sparen save for a rainy day;

das war die schönste Zeit meines Lebens those were the best years of my life;

vor undenklichen Zeiten an unimaginably long time ago, (a)eons ago;

seit undenklichen Zeiten from ( oder since) time immemorial, ever since I can remember; weitS. for ages;

unsere oder

die heutige Zeit this ( oder the present) day and age

3. (Zeitpunkt) (point of) time; (Uhrzeit) time;

welche Zeit haben wir? what’s the time?;

feste Zeiten fixed times;

Zeit und Ort festlegen fix a ( oder the) time and place;

es ist (an der) Zeit it’s time;

es ist oder

wird (höchste) Zeit, dass er nach Hause kommt it’s (high) time he came home;

es ist nicht die Zeit zu (+inf) this is not the time to (+inf) ( oder to be +ger);

außer der Zeit at an unusual time, outside the usual hours;

seit der Zeit since then ( oder that time), ever since (then);

auf die Zeit achten keep an eye on the time ( oder clock);

ich habe mich in der Zeit geirrt I got the time wrong;

in der Zeit richte ich mich nach dir you suggest a time;

jemanden nach der Zeit fragen ask sb for the time;

um diese Zeit kommt sie immer: at this time; bin ich sonst schon im Bett: by this time;

morgen etc

um diese Zeit this time tomorrow etc;

von Zeit zu Zeit from time to time, now and then;

vor der Zeit prematurely; sterben: auch before one’s time;

zu bestimmten Zeiten at certain ( oder particular) times;

zu jeder Zeit (at) any time;

zur gleichen/rechten Zeit at the same/right time;

alles zu seiner Zeit there’s a time for everything; beruhigend: one thing after another;

wer nicht kommt zur rechten Zeit, muss nehmen oder

essen, was übrig bleibt sprichw first come, first served;

kommt Zeit, kommt Rat sprichw don’t worry, it’ll sort itself out

4. SPORT time;

die Zeit nehmen bei feststehender Spieldauer: be (the) timekeeper; bei Rennen: time sth;

eine gute/schlechte Zeit fahren etc clock up a good/bad time;

über die Zeit kommen Boxen: go the distance

5. LING tense;

zusammengesetzte Zeit compound tense;

in welcher Zeit steht der Satz? what is the tense of that sentence?

6. (Zeitrechnung):

im Jahre 400 vor unserer Zeit in 400 BC

7.

die stille Zeit (Advent) Advent; → schinden, sparen, stehlen, totschlagen etc, zurzeit

* * *

die; Zeit, Zeiten

1) o. Pl. time no art.

im Laufe der Zeit — in the course of time

mit der Zeit — with time; in time; (allmählich) gradually

die Zeit arbeitet für/gegen jemanden — time is on somebody's side/is against somebody

keine Zeit verlieren dürfen — have no time to lose

die Zeit drängt — time is pressing; there is [precious] little time

sich (Dat.) die Zeit [mit etwas] vertreiben — pass the time [with/doing something]

jemandem Zeit/drei Tage usw. Zeit lassen — give somebody time/three days etc.

sich (Dat.) Zeit lassen — take one's time

sich (Dat.) für jemanden/etwas Zeit nehmen — make time for somebody/something

eine Zeit lang — for a while or a time

2) (Zeitpunkt) time

seit der od. dieser Zeit — since that time

um diese Zeit — at this time

vor der Zeit — prematurely; early

von Zeit zu Zeit — from time to time

zur Zeit — at the moment; at present

3) (Zeitabschnitt, Lebensabschnitt) time; period; (Geschichtsabschnitt) age; period

die erste Zeit — at first

auf Zeit — temporarily

ein Vertrag auf Zeit — a fixed-term contract

zu meiner Zeit — in my day

4) (Sport) time

die Zeit bei etwas stoppen — time something

über die Zeit kommen — (Boxen) go the distance

5) (Sprachw.) tense

* * *

-en f.

hours n.

terms n.

time n.

Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch > Zeit
8 go

go [gəʊ]

━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━

1. intransitive verb

2. modal verb

3. transitive verb

4. noun

5. compounds

6. Phrasal Verbs

━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━

► vb: 3rd pers sg pres goes, pret went, ptp gone

━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━

► When go is part of a set combination, eg go cheap, go too far, look up the other word.

━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━

1. intransitive verb

   a. ( = move) aller

• where are you going? où allez-vous ?

• he's gone to see his mother il est allé voir sa mère

• I wouldn't go as far as to say that je n'irais pas jusque là

• there he goes! le voilà !

• you can go next allez-y(, je vous en prie) !

► to go + preposition

• the train goes at 90km/h le train roule à 90 km/h

• to go down the hill descendre la colline

• to go for a walk aller se promener

• where do we go from here? qu'est-ce qu'on fait maintenant ?

• to go on a journey faire un voyage

• to go to France/to London aller en France/à Londres

• to go to the swimming pool aller à la piscine

• to go to the doctor's aller chez le médecin

• to go to sb for sth aller demander qch à qn

• to go up the hill monter la colline► to go + -ing

• to go fishing aller à la pêche

• to go riding (aller) faire du cheval

• to go swimming (aller) nager► go and...

• I'll go and check the train times je vais vérifier les horaires de trains

• go and get me it! va me le chercher !

• don't go and tell her I gave it you (inf) ne va pas lui dire que je te l'ai donné

• now you've gone and broken it! (inf) ça y est, tu l'as cassé !

   b. ( = depart) partir ; ( = disappear) disparaître ; [time] passer ; ( = be sacked) être licencié

• when does the train go? quand part le train ?

• everybody had gone tout le monde était parti

• my bag has gone mon sac a disparu

• we must be going il faut qu'on y aille

• go! (at beginning of race) partez !

• after I've gone ( = left) après mon départ ; ( = died) quand je ne serai plus là

• after a week all our money had gone en l'espace d'une semaine, nous avions dépensé tout notre argent

• he'll have to go [employee] on ne peut pas le garder

• the car will have to go on va devoir se séparer de la voiture

• there goes my chance of promotion! je peux faire une croix sur ma promotion !

• going, going, gone! une fois, deux fois, trois fois, adjugé, vendu !

► to let sb go ( = allow to leave) laisser partir qn ; ( = make redundant) se séparer de qn ; ( = stop gripping) lâcher qn

• to let o.s. go se laisser aller► to let go lâcher prise

• let go! lâchez !

• to let go of sth/sb lâcher qch/qn

• eventually parents have to let go of their children tôt ou tard, les parents doivent laisser leurs enfants voler de leurs propres ailes► to let sth go

• they have let their garden go ils ont laissé leur jardin à l'abandon

• we'll let it go at that n'en parlons plus

   c. ( = start) [car, machine] démarrer ; ( = function) [machine, watch, car] marcher

• how do you make this go? comment est-ce que ça marche ?

• to be going [machine, engine] être en marche

• it won't go ça ne marche pas

► to get going [person] ( = leave)

let's get going! allons-y ! ; ( = start) to get going with sth s'occuper de qch

• once he gets going... une fois lancé...

• to get a machine going mettre une machine en marche

• to get things going activer les choses► to keep going ( = continue) [person] continuer ; [business] se maintenir

• the police signalled her to stop but she kept going la police lui a fait signe de s'arrêter mais elle a continué son chemin

• this hope kept her going cet espoir lui a permis de tenir

• a cup of coffee is enough to keep her going all morning elle réussit à tenir toute la matinée avec un café

   d. ( = begin) there he goes again! le voilà qui recommence !

• here goes! (inf) allez, on y va !

   e. ( = progress) aller, marcher

• the project was going well le projet marchait bien

• how's it going? (comment) ça va ?

• the way things are going si ça continue comme ça

• all went well for him until... tout s'est bien passé pour lui jusqu'au moment où...

• add the sugar, stirring as you go ajoutez le sucre, en remuant au fur et à mesure

   f. ( = turn out) [events] se passer

• how did your holiday go? comment se sont passées tes vacances ?

• the evening went very well la soirée s'est très bien passée

• let's wait and see how things go attendons de voir ce qui va se passer

• that's the way things go, I'm afraid c'est malheureux mais c'est comme ça

   g. ( = become) devenir

• have you gone mad? tu es devenu fou ?

• she went pale elle est devenue pâle

• the biscuits have gone soft les biscuits ont ramolli

• the lights went red les feux sont passés au rouge

   h. ( = fail) [fuse] sauter ; [bulb] griller ; [material] être usé ; [sight] baisser ; [strength] manquer

• his mind is going il n'a plus toute sa tête

• my voice is going je n'ai presque plus de voix

• the lining's going la doublure est usée

   i. ( = be sold) how much do you think the house will go for? combien crois-tu que la maison va être vendue ?

• it went for $550 c'est parti à 550 dollars

   j. ( = be given) [prize, reward, inheritance] revenir (to à)

   k. ( = be accepted) the story goes that... le bruit court que...

• anything goes these days (inf) tout est permis de nos jours

• that goes without saying cela va sans dire

• what he says goes c'est lui qui fait la loi

   l. ( = apply) that goes for you too c'est valable pour toi aussi

• that goes for me too ( = I agree with that) je suis aussi de cet avis

• as far as your suggestion goes... pour ce qui est de ta suggestion...

► as far as it goes

• this explanation is fine, as far as it goes cette explication vaut ce qu'elle vaut

   m. ( = available) are there any jobs going? y a-t-il des postes vacants ?

• there just aren't any jobs going il n'y a pas de travail

• is there any coffee going? est-ce qu'il y a du café ?

• I'll have whatever's going donnez-moi ce qu'il y a

   n. [tune] the tune goes like this voici l'air

• I don't know how the song goes je ne connais pas cette chanson

   o. ( = make sound or movement) faire ; [bell, clock] sonner

• go like that with your left foot faites comme ça avec votre pied gauche

   p. ( = serve) the money will go to compensate the victims cet argent servira à dédommager les victimes

• the qualities that go to make a great man les qualités qui font un grand homme

   q. (implying comparison)

► as... go

• he's not bad, as estate agents go il n'est pas mauvais pour un agent immobilier

   r. ( = elapse) there is a week to go before the election il reste une semaine avant les élections

   s. (US = take away) to go [food] à emporter

2. modal verb

(indicating future)

► to be going to + infinitive aller

• I'm going to phone him this afternoon je vais l'appeler cet après-midi

• it's going to rain il va pleuvoir

• I was just going to do it j'allais le faire

• I was going to do it yesterday but I forgot j'avais l'intention de le faire hier mais j'ai oublié

3. transitive verb

   a. ( = travel) [+ distance] faire

• we had gone only 3km nous n'avions fait que 3 km

► to go it alone se débrouiller tout seul

► to go one better aller encore plus loin

   b. ( = make sound) faire

• he went "psst" « psst » fit-il

4. noun

(plural goes)

   a. ( = motion) (inf) it's all go! ça n'arrête pas !

• to be always on the go être toujours sur la brèche

• to keep sb on the go ne pas laisser souffler qn

• he's got two projects on the go at the moment il a deux projets en chantier actuellement

   b. ( = attempt) (inf) coup m

• at one or a go d'un seul coup

• it's your go (in games) c'est ton tour

► to have a go ( = try) essayer

• to have a go at sth essayer de faire qch

• to have another go réessayer

• to have a go at sb (verbally) s'en prendre à qn (inf) ; (physically) se jeter sur qn

   c. ( = success) to make a go of sth réussir qch

• they tried to make a go of their marriage ils ont essayé de donner une chance à leur couple

5. compounds

► go-ahead adjective (British) dynamique noun

• to give sb the go-ahead (to do) (inf) donner le feu vert à qn (pour faire) ► go-between noun intermédiaire mf

► go-cart noun kart m

► go-carting noun karting m

► go-getter (inf) noun fonceur (inf) m, - euse (inf) f

► go-getting (inf) adjective

[person] fonceur (inf) ; [approach, attitude] de battant

► go-kart noun = go-cart

► go-karting noun = go-carting

► go-slow noun (British) grève f perlée

► go-to adjective [person]

the go-to guy on the team le type sur lequel on peut compter dans l'équipe

6. Phrasal Verbs

► go about

1. intransitive verb

   a. aller

• to go about barefoot se promener pieds nus

• they go about in gangs ils vont en bandes

• he goes about telling people what to do il est toujours à dire aux gens ce qu'il faut faire

   b. [rumour] courir

2. inseparable transitive verb

   a. [+ task, duties] he went about the task methodically il s'y est pris de façon méthodique

• he doesn't know how to go about it il ne sait pas s'y prendre

• how does one go about getting seats? comment fait-on pour avoir des places ?

   b. ( = be occupied with) to go about one's business vaquer à ses affaires► go across

1. intransitive verb

( = cross) traverser

• she went across to Mrs. Smith's elle est allée en face chez Mme Smith

2. inseparable transitive verb

[+ river, road] traverser

► go after inseparable transitive verb

( = follow) suivre ; ( = attack) attaquer

• go after him! suivez-le !

• to go after a job poser sa candidature à un poste► go against inseparable transitive verb

   a. ( = prove hostile to) [vote, judgement, decision] être défavorable à

• the decision went against him la décision lui a été défavorable

• everything began to go against us tout se liguait contre nous

   b. ( = oppose) aller à l'encontre de

• conditions which went against national interests des conditions qui allaient à l'encontre des intérêts nationaux

• to go against public opinion aller à contre-courant de l'opinion publique

• to go against sb's wishes s'opposer à la volonté de qn

• it goes against my principles c'est contre mes principes► go ahead intransitive verb passer devant ; [event] avoir (bien) lieu ; [work] avancer

• go ahead! allez-y !

• the exhibition will go ahead as planned l'exposition aura lieu comme prévu

• to go ahead with a plan mettre un plan à exécution► go along intransitive verb aller

• why don't you go along too? pourquoi n'iriez-vous pas aussi ?

• I'll tell you as we go along je vous le dirai en cours de route

• I check as I go along je vérifie au fur et à mesure

• to go along with sb aller avec qn ; ( = agree with) être d'accord avec qn

• I can't go along with that at all je ne suis pas du tout d'accord là-dessus► go around intransitive verb

   a. = go about ; go round

   b. what goes around comes around tout finit par se payer► go away intransitive verb partir ; (on holiday) partir (en vacances) ; [pain] disparaître

• we need to go away and think about this nous devons prendre le temps d'y réfléchir► go back intransitive verb

   a. ( = return) retourner

• we went back to the beach after lunch nous sommes retournés à la plage après le déjeuner

• it's getting dark, shall we go back? il commence à faire nuit, on rentre ?

• to go back to a point revenir sur un point

• to go back to the beginning revenir au début

• to go back to work reprendre le travail

   b. ( = retreat) reculer

   c. (in time) remonter

• my memories don't go back that far mes souvenirs ne remontent pas aussi loin

• we go back a long way on se connaît depuis longtemps

   d. ( = revert) revenir (to à)

• I don't want to go back to the old system je ne veux pas revenir à l'ancien système

• to go back to one's former habits retomber dans ses anciennes habitudes

   e. ( = extend) s'étendre

• the cave goes back 300 metres la grotte fait 300 mètres de long► go back on inseparable transitive verb

[+ decision, promise] revenir sur

► go before intransitive verb

( = happen earlier)

everything that went before tout ce qui s'est passé avant

• to go before a court comparaître devant un tribunal► go by

1. intransitive verb

[person] passer ; [period of time] (se) passer

• we've let the opportunity go by nous avons laissé passer l'occasion

• as time goes by avec le temps

• in days gone by dans le temps jadis

2. inseparable transitive verb

( = judge by) if first impressions are anything to go by s'il faut se fier à sa première impression

• that's nothing to go by ce n'est pas une référence

• to go by appearances juger d'après les apparences

► go down intransitive verb

   a. ( = descend) descendre ; ( = fall) tomber ; ( = sink) couler ; [plane] s'écraser

• we watched the sun go down nous avons regarder le soleil se coucher

   b. ( = be swallowed) it went down the wrong way j'ai (or il a etc) avalé de travers

   c. ( = be accepted) I wonder how that will go down with her parents je me demande comment ses parents vont prendre ça

• to go down well/badly être bien/mal accueilli

• it went down well ça a bien passé

   d. [value, price, standards] baisser

• the house has gone down in value la maison s'est dépréciée

   e. ( = be relegated) être relégué

   f. [stage curtain] tomber ; [theatre lights] s'éteindre

   g. ( = go as far as) aller

• go down to the bottom of the page allez au bas de la page

   h. [balloon, tyre] se dégonfler

• my ankle's OK, the swelling has gone down ma cheville va bien, elle a désenflé► go down as inseparable transitive verb

( = be regarded as) être considéré comme ; ( = be remembered as) passer à la postérité comme

• the victory will go down as one of the highlights of the year cette victoire restera dans les mémoires comme l'un des grands moments de l'année► go down with (inf) inseparable transitive verb

[+ illness] attraper

► go for inseparable transitive verb

   a. ( = attack) attaquer

• he went for me with a knife il m'a attaqué avec un couteau

   b. ( = like) (inf) she went for him in a big way elle en pinçait (inf) pour lui

• I don't go for that sort of talk je n'aime pas qu'on parle comme ça

   c. ( = strive for) essayer d'avoir ; ( = choose) choisir

• go for it! (inf) vas-y !

• I decided to go for it (inf) j'ai décidé de tenter le coup

   d. he's got a lot going for him (inf) il a beaucoup d'atouts

• the theory has a lot going for it cette théorie a de nombreux mérites► go forward intransitive verb

   a. ( = move ahead) avancer ; [economy] progresser

   b. ( = take place) avoir lieu

   c. ( = continue) maintenir

• if they go forward with these proposals s'ils maintiennent ces propositions► go in intransitive verb

   a. ( = enter) entrer

• they went in by the back door ils sont entrés par la porte de derrière

• I must go in now il faut que je rentre maintenant

   b. ( = attack) attaquer

   c. [sun] se cacher► go in for inseparable transitive verb

   a. [+ examination] se présenter à ; [+ position, job] poser sa candidature à ; [+ competition, race] prendre part à

   b. [+ sport] pratiquer ; [+ hobby] se livrer à ; [+ style] affectionner ; [+ medicine, accounting, politics] faire

• I don't go in for bright colours je ne raffole pas des couleurs vives

• he doesn't go in for reading much il n'aime pas beaucoup lire► go into inseparable transitive verb

   a. [+ profession, field] he doesn't want to go into industry il ne veut pas travailler dans l'industrie

   b. ( = embark on) [+ explanation] se lancer dans

• he went into a long explanation il s'est lancé dans une longue explication

• to go into details rentrer dans les détails

• let's not go into that now laissons cela pour le moment

   c. ( = investigate) étudier

• this matter is being gone into on étudie la question

• we haven't got time to go into that nous n'avons pas le temps de nous pencher sur ce problème

• to go into a question in detail approfondir une question

   d. ( = be devoted to) être investi dans

• a lot of money went into the research on a investi beaucoup d'argent dans la recherche► go off

1. intransitive verb

   a. ( = leave) partir

   b. [alarm clock] sonner ; [alarm] se déclencher

• the gun didn't go off le coup n'est pas parti

   c. [light, radio, TV] s'éteindre ; [heating] s'arrêter

   d. (British) [meat] s'avarier ; [milk] tourner ; [butter] rancir

   e. [event] se passer

• the evening went off very well la soirée s'est très bien passée

2. inseparable transitive verb

(British) (inf) I'm starting to go off the idea ça ne me dit plus grand-chose

• I've gone off skiing le ski ne me tente plus beaucoup

• I used to like him, but I've gone off him lately je l'aimais bien mais depuis un certain temps il m'agace► go off with inseparable transitive verb partir avec

• his wife went off with another man sa femme est partie avec un autre homme► go on

1. intransitive verb

   a. ( = proceed on one's way) (without stopping) poursuivre son chemin ; (after stopping) continuer sa route ; (by car) reprendre la route

   b. ( = continue) continuer ( doing à faire)

• to go on speaking continuer à parler ; (after pause) reprendre (la parole)

• go on with your work continuez votre travail

• go on trying! essaie encore !

• go on! continuez !

• go on with you! (inf) à d'autres ! (inf)

• if you go on doing that, you'll get into trouble si tu continues, tu vas avoir des ennuis

• that's enough to be going on with ça suffit pour l'instant

• the rioting went on all night les émeutes ont duré toute la nuit

• life went on uneventfully la vie poursuivit son cours paisiblement

   c. ( = talk) (inf) to go on about sth ne pas arrêter de parler de qch

• don't go on about it! ça va, j'ai compris !

• he goes on and on about it il n'arrête pas d'en parler

   d. ( = nag) (inf) to go on at sb s'en prendre à qn

• she went on and on at him elle n'a pas cessé de s'en prendre à lui

• she's always going on at him about doing up the kitchen elle n'arrête pas de le harceler pour qu'il refasse la cuisine

   e. ( = proceed) passer

• to go on to another matter passer à un autre sujet

• he went on to say that... puis il a dit que...

• he retired from football and went on to become a journalist il a abandonné le football et est devenu journaliste

   f. ( = happen) se dérouler ; (for a stated time) durer

• several matches were going on at the same time plusieurs matchs se déroulaient en même temps

• how long has this been going on? depuis combien de temps est-ce que ça dure ?

• while this was going on pendant ce temps

• what's going on here? qu'est-ce qui se passe ici ?

   g. ( = pass) things got easier as time went on avec le temps les choses sont devenues plus faciles

• as the day went on he became more and more anxious au fil des heures, il devenait de plus en plus inquiet

   h. ( = behave) (inf) that's no way to go on c'est une conduite inacceptable !

• what a way to go on! en voilà des manières !

   i. ( = progress) [person, patient] aller

• how is he going on? comment va-t-il ?

   j. ( = approach) (inf) she's going on 50 elle va sur la cinquantaine

• Ann's 25 going on 50 Ann a 25 ans mais on lui en donnerait 50

2. inseparable transitive verb

( = be guided by) we don't have much to go on yet nous n'avons pas beaucoup d'indices pour l'instant► go on for inseparable transitive verb

• it's going on for 100km c'est à une centaine de kilomètres► go out intransitive verb

   a. ( = leave) sortir

• to go out of a room sortir d'une pièce

• to go out shopping aller faire des courses

• to go out for a meal aller au restaurant

• he goes out a lot il sort beaucoup

• she doesn't go out with him any more elle ne sort plus avec lui

• most mothers have to go out to work la plupart des mères de famille doivent travailler

   b. [fire, light] s'éteindre

   c. ( = travel) aller (to à)

• she went out to Bangkok elle est allée à Bangkok

   d. [sea] se retirer ; [tide] descendre

   e. my heart went out to him j'ai été vraiment désolé pour lui

   f. [invitation] être envoyé ; [radio programme, TV programme] être diffusé

• an appeal has gone out for people to give blood un appel a été lancé pour encourager les dons de sang

• the programme goes out on Friday evenings l'émission passe le vendredi soir

   g. (Sport) ( = be eliminated) être éliminé► go over

1. intransitive verb

   a. ( = cross) aller

• to go over to France aller en France

• she went over to Mrs Smith's elle est allée chez Mme Smith

• the ball went over into the field le ballon est passé par-dessus et est tombé dans le champ

   b. ( = be overturned) se retourner

2. inseparable transitive verb

   a. ( = examine) [+ accounts, report] vérifier

• to go over a house visiter une maison

• I went over his essay with him j'ai regardé sa dissertation avec lui

   b. ( = review) [+ speech] revoir ; [+ facts, points] récapituler

• to go over the events of the day repasser les événements de la journée

• let's go over the facts again récapitulons les faits► go over to inseparable transitive verb passer à

• we're going over to a new system nous passons à un nouveau système

• to go over to the enemy passer à l'ennemi► go round intransitive verb

   a. ( = turn) tourner

• my head is going round j'ai la tête qui tourne

   b. to go round to sb's house aller chez qn

   c. ( = be sufficient) suffire (pour tout le monde)

• there's enough food to go round il y a assez à manger pour tout le monde

• to make the money go round joindre les deux bouts (inf)

   d. ( = circulate) [document, story] circuler

• there's a rumour going round that... le bruit court que...

   e. = go about► go through

1. intransitive verb

( = be agreed) [proposal] être accepté ; [business deal] être conclu

• the deal did not go through l'affaire n'a pas été conclue

2. inseparable transitive verb

   a. ( = suffer, endure) endurer

• after all he's gone through après tout ce qu'il a enduré

• he's going through a very difficult time il traverse une période difficile

   b. ( = examine) [+ list] examiner ; [+ book] parcourir ; [+ mail] regarder ; [+ subject, plan] étudier ; [+ one's pockets] fouiller dans

• I went through my drawers looking for a pair of socks j'ai cherché une paire de chaussettes dans mes tiroirs

• I went through his essay with him j'ai regardé sa dissertation avec lui

   c. ( = use up) [+ money] dépenser ; ( = wear out) user

   d. ( = carry out) [+ routine, course of study] suivre ; [+ formalities] accomplir ; [+ apprenticeship] faire► go through with inseparable transitive verb

( = persist with) [+ plan, threat] mettre à exécution

• in the end she couldn't go through with it en fin de compte elle n'a pas pu le faire► go together intransitive verb

[colours, flavours] aller (bien) ensemble ; [events, conditions, ideas] aller de pair

► go under intransitive verb

   a. ( = sink) [ship, person] couler

   b. ( = fail) [person, business] faire faillite► go up

1. intransitive verb

   a. monter

• when the curtain goes up lorsque le rideau se lève

• to go up in price augmenter

• to go up a class passer dans la classe supérieure

   b. ( = approach) I wanted to go up and talk to him je voulais m'approcher de lui et lui parler

• a man went up to him and asked him the time un homme s'est approché et lui a demandé l'heure

2. inseparable transitive verb

[+ hill] gravir

• to go up the stairs monter l'escalier

• to go up the street remonter la rue► go with inseparable transitive verb

   a. [circumstances, event, conditions] aller (de pair) avec

• ill health goes with poverty la pauvreté et la mauvaise santé vont de pair

• the house goes with the job le logement va avec le poste

   b. [colours] aller bien avec ; [furnishings] être assorti à ; [behaviour, opinions] cadrer avec

• I want a hat to go with my coat je cherche un chapeau assorti à mon manteau► go without

1. intransitive verb

se priver de tout

• mothers feed their children and go without themselves les mères nourrissent leurs enfants et se privent elles-mêmes de tout

2. inseparable transitive verb

se priver de

* * *
[gəʊ] 1.
intransitive verb (3^e pers sg prés goes; prét went; pp gone)

1) (move, travel) aller ( from de; to à, en)

to go to Paris — aller à Paris

to go to Wales/to California — aller au Pays de Galles/en Californie

to go to town/to the country — aller en ville/à la campagne

they went home — ils sont rentrés chez eux

to go up/down/across — monter/descendre/traverser

I went into the room — je suis entré dans la pièce

to go by bus/train — voyager en bus/train

to go by ou past — [person, vehicle] passer

that car's going very fast! — cette voiture roule très vite!

there he goes again! — ( that's him again) le revoilà!; fig ( he's starting again) le voilà qui recommence!

where do we go from here? — fig et maintenant qu'est-ce qu'on fait?

2) (on specific errand, activity) aller

to go shopping — aller faire des courses

to go on a journey/on holiday — partir en voyage/en vacances

to go for a drink — aller prendre un verre

3) ( attend) aller

to go to school/work — aller à l'école/au travail

to go to the doctor's — aller chez le médecin

4) ( used as auxiliary with present participle)

she went running up the stairs — elle a monté l'escalier en courant

5) ( depart) partir

6) euph ( die) mourir, disparaître

when I am gone — quand je ne serai plus là

7) ( disappear) partir

the money goes on school fees — l'argent part en frais de scolarité

the money has all gone — il ne reste plus d'argent

I left my bike outside and now it's gone — j'ai laissé mon vélo dehors et il n'est plus là

there goes my chance of winning! — c'en est fait de mes chances de gagner!

8) (be sent, transmitted)

it can't go by post — on ne peut pas l'envoyer par la poste

these proposals will go before parliament — ces propositions seront soumises au parlement

9) ( become)

to go red — rougir

to go white — blanchir

to go mad — devenir fou/folle

10) ( change over to new system)

to go Labour — Politics [country, constituency] voter travailliste

to go metric — adopter le système m étrique

11) (be, remain)

the people went hungry — les gens n'avaient rien à manger

we went for two days without food — nous avons passé deux jours sans rien manger

to go unnoticed — passer inaperçu

the question went unanswered — la question est restée sans réponse

he was allowed to go free — il a été libéré

12) (weaken, become impaired)

his memory is going — il perd la mémoire

his hearing is going — il devient sourd

my voice is going — je n'ai plus de voix

the battery is going — la batterie est presque à plat

13) ( of time)

there are only three days to go before Christmas — il ne reste plus que trois jours avant Noël

how's the time going? — quelle heure est-il?

it's just gone seven o'clock — il est sept heures passées

14) ( be got rid of)

he'll have to go! — il va falloir qu'on se débarrasse de lui!

the car will have to go — il va falloir vendre la voiture

either she goes or I do! — c'est elle ou moi!

six down and four to go! — six de faits, et encore quatre à faire!

15) (operate, function) [vehicle, machine, clock] marcher, fonctionner

to set [something] going — mettre [quelque chose] en marche

to get going — [engine, machine] se mettre en marche; fig [business] démarrer

to get the fire going — allumer le feu

to keep going — [person, business, machine] se maintenir

we have several projects going at the moment — nous avons plusieurs projets en route en ce moment

16) ( start)

let's get going! — allons-y!

to get things going — mettre les choses en train

here goes! —

here we go! — c'est parti!

once he gets going, he never stops — une fois lancé, il n'arrête pas

17) ( lead) aller, conduire (to à)

the road goes down/goes up — la route descend/monte

18) ( extend in depth or scope)

the roots go very deep — les racines s'enfoncent très profondément

these habits go very deep — ces habitudes sont profondément ancrées

it's true as far as it goes — c'est vrai dans un sens

a hundred pounds doesn't go far these days — on ne va pas loin avec cent livres sterling de nos jours

this goes a long way towards explaining his attitude — ceci explique en grande partie son attitude

you can make £5 go a long way — on peut faire beaucoup de choses avec 5 livres sterling

19) (belong, be placed) aller

the suitcases will have to go in the back — il va falloir mettre les valises derrière

20) ( fit) gen rentrer

five into four won't go — quatre n'est pas divisible par cinq

21) ( be expressed in particular way)

I can't remember how the poem goes — je n'arrive pas à me rappeler le poème

how does the song go? — quel est l'air de la chanson?

as the saying goes — comme dit le proverbe

22) ( be accepted)

what he says goes — c'est lui qui fait la loi

it goes without saying that — il va sans dire que

anything goes — tout est permis

23) ( be about to)

to be going to do — aller faire

it's going to snow — il va neiger

24) ( happen)

the party went very well — la soirée s'est très bien passée

the way things are going — si ça continue comme ça

how's it going? — (colloq)

how are things going? — comment ça va? (colloq)

how goes it? — hum comment ça va? (colloq)

25) ( be on average)

it's old, as Australian towns go — c'est une ville assez vieille pour une ville australienne

it wasn't a bad party, as parties go — c'était une soirée plutôt réussie par rapport à la moyenne

26) ( be sold)

the house went for over £100,000 — la maison a été vendue à plus de 100000 livres

‘going, going, gone!’ — ‘une fois, deux fois, trois fois, adjugé!’

27) ( be on offer)

I'll have some coffee, if there's any going — je prendrai bien un café, s'il y en a

it's the best machine going — c'est la meilleure machine sur le marché

there's a job going — il y a un poste libre

28) ( contribute)

the money will go towards a new roof — l'argent servira à payer un nouveau toit

everything that goes to make a good teacher — toutes les qualités d'un bon enseignant

29) ( be given) [award, prize] aller (to à); [estate, inheritance, title] passer (to à)

the job went to a local man — le poste a été donné à un homme de la région

30) ( emphatic use)

why did he go and spoil it? — pourquoi est-il allé tout gâcher?

he went and won the competition! — il s'est débrouillé pour gagner le concours!

you've really gone and done it now! — tu peux être fier de toi! iron

then he had to go and lose his wallet — comme s'il ne manquait plus que ça, il a perdu son portefeuille

31) ( of money) (be spent, used up)

all his money goes on drink — tout son argent passe dans l'alcool

I don't know where all my money goes (to)! — je ne sais pas ce que je fais de mon argent!

32) (make sound, perform action or movement) gen faire; [bell, alarm] sonner

the cat went ‘miaow’ — le chat a fait ‘miaou’

wait until the bell goes — attends que la cloche sonne (subj)

she went like this with her fingers — elle a fait comme ça avec ses doigts

33) (resort to, have recourse to)

to go to war — [country] entrer en guerre; [soldier] partir à la guerre

to go to law GB ou to the law US — aller en justice

34) (break, collapse etc) [roof] s'effondrer; [cable, rope] se rompre; [light bulb] griller

35) ( take one's turn)

you go next — c'est ton tour après, c'est à toi après

you go first — après vous

36) ( be in harmony)

those two colours don't go together — ces deux couleurs ne vont pas ensemble

37) ( in takeaway)

to go — à emporter
2.
transitive verb (3^e pers sg prés goes; prét went; pp gone) faire [number of miles]

are you going my way? — tu vas dans la même direction que moi?
3.
noun (pl goes)

1) GB ( turn) tour m; ( try) essai m

whose go is it? — gen à qui le tour?; ( in game) à qui de jouer?

I had to have several goes before passing — j'ai dû m'y reprendre à plusieurs fois avant de réussir

2) (colloq) ( energy)

to be full of go —

to be all go — être très dynamique

•

Phrasal Verbs:

- go about

- go across

- go after

- go against

- go ahead

- go along

- go along with

- go around

- go at

- go away

- go back

- go back on

- go before

- go below

- go by

- go down

- go for

- go forward

- go in

- go in for

- go into

- go off

- go off with

- go on

- go on at

- go out

- go over

- go round

- go through

- go through with

- go together

- go under

- go up

- go with

- go without

••

all systems are go! — Aerospace tout est paré pour le lancement!

to have a go at somebody — s'en prendre à quelqu'un

to make a go of something — réussir quelque chose

she's always on the go — elle n'arrête jamais

he's all go! — (colloq) il n'arrête pas!

we have several different projects on the go — nous avons plusieurs projets différents en chantier

(it's) no go! — pas question!

from the word go — dès le départ

in one go — d'un seul coup

to go one better than somebody — renchérir sur quelqu'un

that's how it goes! —

that's the way it goes! — c'est la vie!

there you go! — (colloq) voilà!

English-French dictionary > go
9 εἰμί

εἰμί (Hom.+) impv. ἴσθι, ἔσο IPol 4:1, ἔστω—also colloq. ἤτω (BGU 276, 24; 419, 13; POxy 533, 9; Ps 103:31; 1 Macc 10:31) 1 Cor 16:22; Js 5:12; 1 Cl 48:5; Hv 3, 3, 4;—3 pers. pl. ἔστωσαν (ins since 200 B.C. Meisterhans³-Schw. 191; PPetr III, 2, 22 [237 B.C.]) Lk 12:35; 1 Ti 3:12; GJs 7:2. Inf. εἶναι. Impf. 1 pers. only mid. ἤμην (Jos., Bell. 1, 389; 631; s. further below); ἦν only Ac 20:18 D, 2 pers. ἦσθα (Jos., Ant. 6, 104) Mt 26:69; Mk 14:67 and ἦς (Lobeck, Phryn. 149 ‘say ἦσθα’; Jos., Ant. 17, 110 al.; Sb 6262, 16 [III A.D.]) Mt 25:21, 23 al., 3 sg. ἦν, 1 pl. ἦμεν. Beside this the mid. form ἤμην (pap since III B.C.; Job 29:16; Tob 12:13 BA), s. above, gives the pl. ἤμεθα (pap since III B.C.; Bar 1:19) Mt 23:30; Ac 27:37; Eph 2:3. Both forms in succession Gal. 4:3. Fut. ἔσομαι, ptc. ἐσόμενος. The mss. vary in choice of act. or mid., but like the edd. lean toward the mid. (W-S. §14, 1; Mlt-H. 201–3; Rob. index; B-D-F §98; Rdm.² 99; 101f; Helbing 108f; Reinhold 86f). Also s. ἔνι.

① be, exist, be on hand a pred. use (for other pred. use s. 3a, 4, 5, 6, 7): of God (Epicurus in Diog. L. 10, 123 θεοί εἰσιν; Zaleucus in Diod S 12, 20, 2 θεοὺς εἶναι; Wsd 12:13; Just., D. 128, 4 angels) ἔστιν ὁ θεός God exists Hb 11:6; cp. 1 Cor 8:5. ὁ ὢν καὶ ὁ ἦν the one who is and who was (cp. SibOr 3, 16; as amulet PMich 155, 3 [II A.D.] ὁ ὢν θεὸς ὁ Ἰάω κύριος παντοκράτωρ=the god … who exists.) Rv 11:17; 16:5. ὁ ὢν καὶ ὁ ἦν καὶ ὁ ἐρχόμενος, in this and the two preceding passages ἦν is treated as a ptc. (for the unusual use of ἦν cp. Simonides 74 D.: ἦν ἑκατὸν φιάλαι) 1:4; 4:8 (cp. Ex 3:14; Wsd 13:1; Paus. 10, 12, 10 Ζεὺς ἦν, Ζ. ἔστι, Ζ. ἔσσεται; cp. Theosophien 18. S. OWeinreich, ARW 19, 1919, 178f). οὐδʼ εἶναι θεὸν παντοκράτορα AcPlCor 1:11. ἐγώ εἰμι (ins in the Athena-Isis temple of Saïs in Plut., Is. et Os. 9, 354c: ἐγώ εἰμι πᾶν τὸ γεγονὸς κ. ὸ̓ν κ. ἐσόμενον. On the role of Isis in Gk. rel. s. IBergman, Ich bin Isis ’68; RMerkelbach, Isis Regina—Zeus Sarapis ’95; for further lit. s. MGustafson in: Prayer fr. Alexander to Constantine, ed. MKiley et al. ’97, 158.) Rv 1:8 (s. ἐγώ beg.). ὁ ὤν, … θεός Ro 9:5 is classed here and taken to mean Christ by JWordsworth ad loc. and HWarner, JTS 48, ’47, 203f. Of the λόγος: ἐν ἀρχῇ ἦν ὁ λ. J 1:1 (for ἦν cp. Herm. Wr. 1, 4; 3, 1b ἦν σκότος, Fgm. IX 1 p. 422, 23 Sc. γέγονεν ἡ ὕλη καὶ ἦν).—Of Christ πρὶν Ἀβραὰμ γενέσθαι, ἐγὼ εἰμί before Abraham was born, I am 8:58 (on the pres. εἰμί cp. Parmenides 8, 5: of the Eternal we cannot say ἦν οὐδʼ ἔσται, only ἔστιν; Ammonius Hermiae [Comm. in Aristotl. IV 5 ed. ABusse 1897] 6 p. 172: in Timaeus we read that we must not say of the gods τὸ ἦν ἢ τὸ ἔσται μεταβολῆς τινος ὄντα σημαντικά, μόνον δὲ τὸ ἔστι=‘was’ or ‘will be’, suggesting change, but only ‘is’; Ps 89:2; DBall, ‘I Am’ in John’s Gospel [JSNT Suppl. 124] ’96).—Of the world πρὸ τοῦ τὸν κόσμον εἶναι before the world existed 17:5. Satirically, of the beast, who parodies the Lamb, ἦν καὶ οὐκ ἔστιν Rv 17:8. Of God’s temple: ἔστιν B 16:6f it exists. τὸ μὴ ὄν that which does not exist, the unreal (Sallust. 17 p. 32, 7 and 9; Philo, Aet. M. 5; 82) Hm 1:1. τὰ ὄντα that which exists contrasted w. τὰ μὴ ὄντα Ro 4:17; cp. 1 Cor 1:28; 2 Cl 1:8. Of God κτίσας ἐκ τοῦ μὴ ὄντος τὰ ὄντα what is out of what is not Hv 1, 1, 6 (on the contrast τὰ ὄντα and τὰ μὴ ὄντα cp. Ps.-Arist. on Xenophanes: Fgm. 21, 28; Artem. 1, 51 p. 49, 19 τὰ μὴ ὄντα ὡς ὄντα; Ocellus Luc. 12; Sallust. 17, 5 p. 30, 28–32, 12; Philo, Op. M. 81; PGM 4, 3077f ποιήσαντα τὰ πάντα ἐξ ὧν οὐκ ὄντων εἰς τὸ εἶναι; 13, 272f τὸν ἐκ μὴ ὄντων εἶναι ποιήσαντα καὶ ἐξ ὄντων μὴ εἶναι; Theoph. Ant. 1, 4 [p. 64, 21] τὰ πάντα ὁ θεὸς ἐποίησεν ἐξ οὐκ ὄντων εἰς τὸ εἶναι).—Of existing in the sense be present, available, provided πολλοῦ ὄχλου ὄντος since a large crowd was present Mk 8:1. ὄντων τῶν προσφερόντων those are provided who offer Hb 8:4. οὔπω ἦν πνεῦμα the Spirit had not yet come J 7:39. ἀκούσας ὄντα σιτία when he heard that grain was available Ac 7:12.—Freq. used to introduce parables and stories (once) there was: ἄνθρωπός τις ἦν πλούσιος there was (once) a rich man Lk 16:1, 19. ἦν ἄνθρωπος ἐκ τ. Φαρισαίων there was a man among the Pharisees J 3:1.—There is, there are ὥσπερ εἰσὶν θεοὶ πολλοί as there are many gods 1 Cor 8:5. διαιρέσεις χαρισμάτων εἰσίν there are various kinds of spiritual gifts 12:4ff; 1J 5:16 al. Neg. οὐκ ἔστι there is (are) not, no (Ps 52:2; Simplicius in Epict. p. 95, 42 as a quot. from ‘tragedy’ οὐκ εἰσὶν θεοί) δίκαιος there is no righteous man Ro 3:10 (Eccl 7:20). ἀνάστασις νεκρῶν οὐκ ἔστιν there is no resurr. of the dead 1 Cor 15:12; οὐδʼ εἶναι ἀνάστασιν AcPlCor 1:12; 2:24; cp. Mt 22:23; Ac 23:8 (cp. 2 Macc 7:14). εἰσὶν οἵ, or οἵτινες there are people who (Hom. et al.; LXX; Just., D. 47, 2 εἰ μήτι εἰσὶν οἱ λέγοντες ὅτι etc.—W. sing. and pl. combined: Arrian, Ind. 24, 9 ἔστι δὲ οἳ διέφυγον=but there are some who escaped) Mt 16:28; 19:12; Mk 9:1; Lk 9:27; J 6:64; Ac 11:20. Neg. οὐδείς ἐστιν ὅς there is no one who Mk 9:39; 10:29; Lk 1:61; 18:29. As a question τίς ἐστιν ὅς; who is there that? Mt 12:11—In an unusual (perh. bureaucratic terminology) participial construction Ac 13:1 ἡ οὖσα ἐκκλησία the congregation there (cp. Ps.-Pla., Eryx. 6, 394c οἱ ὄντες ἄνθρωποι=the people with whom he has to deal; PLond III 1168, 5 p. 136 [18 A.D.] ἐπὶ ταῖς οὔσαις γειτνίαις=on the adjoining areas there; PGen 49; PSI 229, 11 τοῦ ὄντος μηνός of the current month); cp. 14:13.—αἱ οὖσαι (sc. ἐξουσίαι) those that exist Ro 13:1 (cp. UPZ 180a I, 4 [113 B.C.] ἐφʼ ἱερέων καὶ ἱερειῶν τῶν ὄντων καὶ οὐσῶν).

② to be in close connection (with), is, freq. in statements of identity or equation, as a copula, the equative function, uniting subject and predicate. On absence of the copula, Mlt-Turner 294–310.

ⓐ gener. πραΰς εἰμι I am gentle Mt 11:29. ἐγώ εἰμι Γαβριήλ Lk 1:19. σὺ εἶ ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ θεοῦ Mk 3:11; J 1:49 and very oft. ἵνα … ὁ πονηρὸς … ἐλεγχθῇ [το? s. app. in Bodm.] μὴ ὢν θεός AcPlCor 2:15 (Just., D. 3, 3 φιλολόγος οὖν τις εἶ σύ).—The pred. can be supplied fr. the context: καὶ ἐσμέν and we are (really God’s children) 1J 3:1 (Eur., Ion 309 τ. θεοῦ καλοῦμαι δοῦλος εἰμί τε. Dio Chrys. 14 [31], 58 θεοφιλεῖς οἱ χρηστοὶ λέγονται καὶ εἰσίν; Epict. 2, 16, 44 Ἡρακλῆς ἐπιστεύθη Διὸς υἱὸς εἶναι καὶ ἦν.—The ptc. ὤν, οὖσα, ὄν used w. a noun or adj.and serving as an if-, since-, or although-clause sim. functions as a copula πονηροὶ ὄντες Mt 7:11; 12:34.—Lk 20:36; J 3:4; 4:9; Ac 16:21; Ro 5:10; 1 Cor 8:7; Gal 2:3 al.).—W. adv. of quality: οὕτως εἶναι be so preceded by ὥσπερ, καθώς or followed by ὡς, ὥσπερ Mt 13:40; 24:27, 37, 39; Mk 4:26; Lk 17:26. W. dat. of pers. οὕτως ἔσται ὁ υἱὸς τ. ἀ. τῇ γενεᾷ ταύτῃ so the Human One (Son of Man) will be for this generation 11:30. εἰμὶ ὡσ/ὥσπερ I am like Mt 6:5; Lk 18:11. W. dat. ἔστω σοι ὥσπερ τελώνης he shall be to you as a tax-collector Mt 18:17. εἰμὶ ὥς τις I am like someone of outward and inward similarity 28:3; Lk 6:40; 11:44; 22:27 al. καθώς εἰμι as I am Ac 22:3; 1J 3:2, 7; 4:17.—W. demonstr. pron. (Just., A I, 16, 1 ἃ ἔφη, ταῦτά ἐστι: foll. by a quotation; sim. 48, 5 ἔστι δὲ ταῦτα; and oft.) τὰ ὀνόματά ἐστιν ταῦτα Mt 10:2. αὕτη ἐστὶν ἡ μαρτυρία J 1:19. W. inf. foll. θρησκεία αὕτη ἐστίν, ἐπισκέπτεσθαι Js 1:27. W. ὅτι foll. αὕτη ἐστὶν ἡ κρίσις, ὅτι τὸ φῶς ἐλήλυθεν J 3:19; cp. 21:24; 1J 1:5; 3:11; 5:11. W. ἵνα foll. τοῦτό ἐστιν τὸ ἔργον, ἵνα πιστεύητε J 6:29; cp. vs. 39f; 15:12; 17:3; 1J 3:11, 23; 5:3. W. τηλικοῦτος: τὰ πλοῖα, τηλικαῦτα ὄντα though they are so large Js 3:4. W. τοσοῦτος: τοσοῦτων ὄντων although there were so many J 21:11. W. τοιοῦτος: τοιοῦτος ὤν Phlm 9 (cp. Just., A I, 18, 4 ὅσα ἄλλα τοιαῦτά ἐστι).—W. interrog. pron. ὑμεῖς τίνα με λέγετε εἶναι; who do you say I am? Mt 16:15; cp. 21:10; Mk 1:24; 4:41; 8:27, 29; Lk 4:34 al.; σὺ τίς εἶ; J 1:19; 8:25; 21:12 al. (cp. JosAs 14:6 τίς εἶ συ tell me ‘who you are’). σὺ τίς εἶ ὁ κρίνων; (Pla., Gorg. 452b; Strabo 6, 2, 4 σὺ τίς εἶ ὁ τὸν Ὅμηρον ψέγων ὡς μυθογράφον;) Ro 14:4; ἐγὼ τίς ἤμην; (cp. Ex 3:11) Ac 11:17; τίς εἰμι ἐγὼ ὅτι who am I, that GJs 12:2 (Ex 3:11). W. πόσος: πόσος χρόνος ἐστίν; how long a time? Mk 9:21. W. ποταπός of what sort Lk 1:29.—W. relative pron. οἷος 2 Cor 10:11; ὁποῖος Ac 26:29; 1 Cor 3:13; Gal 2:6; ὅς Rv 1:19; ὅστις Gal 5:10, 19.—W. numerals ἦσαν οἱ φαγόντες πεντακισχίλιοι ἄνδρες 6:44 (cp. Polyaenus 7, 25 ἦσαν οἱ πεσόντες ἀνδρῶν μυριάδες δέκα); cp. Ac 19:7; 23:13. Λάζαρος εἷς ἦν ἐκ τῶν ἀνακειμένων L. was one of those at the table J 12:2; cp. Gal 3:20; Js 2:19. τῶν πιστευσάντων ἦν καρδία καὶ ψυχὴ μία Ac 4:32. εἷς εἶναι be one and the same Gal 3:28. ἓν εἶναι be one J 10:30; 17:11, 21ff; 1 Cor 3:8.—οὐδʼ εἶναι τὴν πλάσιν τὴν τῶν ἀνθρώπων τοῦ θεοῦ (that) the creation of humankind is not God’s doing AcPlCor 1:13.—To establish identity the formula ἐγώ εἰμι is oft. used in the gospels (corresp. to Hebr. אֲנִי הוּא Dt 32:39; Is 43:10), in such a way that the predicate must be understood fr. the context: Mt 14:27; Mk 6:50; 13:6; 14:62; Lk 22:70; J 4:26; 6:20; 8:24, 28; 13:19; 18:5f and oft.; s. on ἐγώ.—In a question μήτι ἐγώ εἰμι; surely it is not I? Mt 26:22, 25.

ⓑ to describe a special connection betw. the subject and a predicate noun ἡμεῖς ναὸς θεοῦ ἐσμεν ζῶντος we are a temple of the living God 2 Cor 6:16. ἡ ἐπιστολὴ ὑμεῖς ἐστε you are our letter (of recommendation) 3:2. σφραγίς μου τῆς ἀποστολῆς ὑμεῖς ἐστε you are the seal of my apostleship 1 Cor 9:2 and oft.

ⓒ in explanations:

α. to show how someth. is to be understood is a representation of, is the equivalent of; εἰμί here, too, serves as copula; we usually translate mean, so in the formula τοῦτʼ ἔστιν this or that means, that is to say (Epict., Ench. 33, 10; Arrian, Tact. 29, 3; SIG 880, 50; PFlor 157, 4; PSI 298, 9; PMert 91, 9; Jos., C. Ap. 2, 16; ApcMos 19; Just., D. 56, 23; 78, 3 al.) Mk 7:2; Ac 19:4; Ro 7:18; 9:8; 10:6, 8; Phlm 12; Hb 7:5 al.; in the sense that is (when translated) (Polyaenus 8, 14, 1 Μάξιμος ἀνηγορεύθη• τοῦτο δʼ ἄν εἴη Μέγιστον) Mt 27:46; Ac 1:19. So also w. relative pron.: ὅ ἐστιν Mk 3:17; 7:11, 34; Hb 7:2. After verbs of asking, recognizing, knowing and not knowing (Antiphanes Com. 231, 1f τὸ ζῆν τί ἐστι;) μάθετε τί ἐστιν learn what (this) means Mt 9:13. εἰ ἐγνώκειτε τί ἐστιν 12:7; cp. Mk 1:27; 9:10; Lk 20:17; J 16:17f; Eph 4:9. W. an indir. question (Stephan. Byz. s.v. Ἀγύλλα: τὶς ἠρώτα τί ἂν εἴη τὸ ὄνομα) τί ἂν εἴη ταῦτα Lk 15:26; τί εἴη τοῦτο 18:36. τίνα θέλει ταῦτα εἶναι what this means Ac 17:20; cp. 2:12, where the question is not about the mng. of terms but the significance of what is happening.—Esp. in interpr. of the parables (Artem. 1, 51 p. 48, 26 ἄρουρα οὐδὲν ἄλλο ἐστὶν ἢ γυνή=field means nothing else than woman) ὁ ἀγρός ἐστιν ὁ κόσμος the field means the world Mt 13:38; cp. vss. 19f, 22f; Mk 4:15f, 18, 20; Lk 8:11ff (cp. Gen 41:26f; Ezk 37:11; Ath. 22, 4 [Stoic interpr. of myths]). On τοῦτό ἐστιν τὸ σῶμά μου Mt 26:26; Mk 14:22; Lk 22:19 and its various interpretations, see lit. s.v. εὐχαριστία. Cp. Hipponax (VI B.C.) 45 Diehl αὕτη γάρ ἐστι συμφορή=this means misfortune.

β. to be of relative significance, be of moment or importance, amount to someth. w. indef. pron. εἰδωλόθυτόν τί ἐστιν meat offered to idols means anything 1 Cor 10:19. Esp. εἰμί τι I mean someth. of pers. 1 Cor 3:7; Gal 2:6; 6:3; and of things vs. 15. εἰμί τις Ac 5:36.—Of no account ἐμοὶ εἰς ἐλάχιστόν ἐστιν (telescoped fr. ἐλάχ. ἐστιν and εἰς ἐλάχ. γίνεται, of which there are many exx. in Schmid, I 398; II 161, 237; III 281; IV 455) it is of little or no importance to me 1 Cor 4:3.

③ be in reference to location, persons, condition, or time, be

ⓐ of various relations or positions involving a place or thing: w. ἀπό: εἶναι ἀπό τινος be or come from a certain place (X., An. 2, 4, 13) J 1:44.—W. ἐν: ἐν τοῖς τ. πατρός μου in my father’s house Lk 2:49 (cp. Jos., Ant. 16, 302 καταγωγὴ ἐν τοῖς Ἀντιπάτρου). ἐν τῇ ὁδῷ on the way Mk 10:32. ἐν τῇ ἐρήμῳ Mt 24:26. ἐν ἀγρῷ Lk 15:25. ἐν δεξιᾷ τ. θεοῦ at God’s right hand Ro 8:34; in heaven Eph 6:9.—W. εἰς: τὴν κοίτην Lk 11:7; τὸν κόλπον J1:18.—W. ἐπὶ w. gen. be on someth. of place, roof Lk 17:31; head J 20:7 (cp. 1 Macc 1:59); also fig., of one who is over someone (1 Macc 10:69; Jdth 14:13 ὁ ὢν ἐπὶ πάντων τῶν αὐτοῦ) Ro 9:5 (of the angel of death Mel., P. 20, 142 ἐπὶ τῶν πρωτοτόκων); also ἐπάνω τινός J 3:31.—W. dat. be at someth. the door Mt 24:33; Mk 13:29.—W. acc. be on someone: grace Lk 2:40; Ac 4:33; spirit (Is 61:1) Lk 2:25; εἶναι ἐπὶ τὸ αὐτό be in the same place, together (Gen 29:2 v.l.) Ac 1:15; 2:1, 44; 1 Cor 7:5.—W. κατά w. acc. εἶναι κατὰ τὴν Ἰουδαίαν be in Judea Ac 11:1; εἶναι ἐν Ἀντιοχείᾳ κατὰ τὴν οὖσαν ἐκκλησίαν were at Antioch in the congregation there 13:1.—W. ὑπό w. acc. τι or τινα of place be under someth. J 1:48; 1 Cor 10:1.—W. παρά w. acc. παρὰ τὴν θάλασσαν by the sea- (i.e. lake-) shore Mk 5:21; Ac 10:6.—W. πρός τι be close to, facing someth. Mk 4:1.—W. adv. of place ἐγγύς τινι near someth. Ac 9:38; 27:8. μακρὰν (ἀπό) Mk 12:34; J 21:8; Eph 2:13; also πόρρω Lk 14:32. χωρίς τινος without someth. Hb 12:8. ἐνθάδε Ac 16:28. ἔσω J 20:26. ἀπέναντί τινος Ro 3:18 (Ps 35:2). ἐκτός τινος 1 Cor 6:18; ἀντίπερά τινος Lk 8:26; ὁμοῦ J 21:2; οὗ Mt 2:9; ὅπου Mk 2:4; 5:40. ὧδε Mt 17:4; Mk 9:5; Lk 9:33. Also w. fut. mng. (ESchwartz, GGN 1908, 161 n.; on the fut. use of the pres. cp. POxy 531, 22 [II A.D.] ἔστι δὲ τοῦ Τῦβι μηνὸς σοὶ ὸ̔ θέλεις) ὅπου εἰμί J 7:34, 36; 12:26; 14:3; 17:24. As pred., to denote a relatively long stay at a place, stay, reside ἴσθι ἐκεῖ stay there Mt 2:13, cp. vs. 15; ἐπʼ ἐρήμοις τόποις in lonely places Mk 1:45; ἦν παρὰ τὴν θάλασσαν he stayed by the lakeside 5:21.

ⓑ involving humans or transcendent beings: w. adv. ἔμπροσθέν τινος Lk 14:2. ἔναντί τινος Ac 8:21; ἐνώπιόν τινος Lk 14:10; Ac 4:19; 1 Pt 3:4; Rv 7:15; ἐντός τινος Lk 17:21; ἐγγύς τινος J 11:18; 19:20; Ro 10:8 (Dt 30:14).—W. prep. ἐν τινί equiv. to ἔκ τινος εἶναι be among Mt 27:56; cp. Mk 15:40; Ro 1:6. Of God, who is among his people 1 Cor 14:25 (Is 45:14; Jer 14:9); of the Spirit J 14:17. Of persons under Christ’s direction: ἐν θεῷ 1J 2:5; 5:20 (s. Norden, Agn. Th. 23, 1). ἔν τινι rest upon, arise from someth. (Aristot., Pol. 7, 1, 3 [1323b, 1] ἐν ἀρετῇ; Sir 9:16) Ac 4:12; 1 Cor 2:5; Eph 5:18.—εἴς τινα be directed, inclined toward Ac 23:30; 2 Cor 7:15; 1 Pt 1:21.—κατά w. gen. be against someone (Sir 6:12) Mt 12:30; Mk 9:40 and Lk 9:50 (both opp. ὑπέρ); Gal 5:23.—σύν τινι be with someone (Jos., Ant. 7, 181) Lk 22:56; 24:44; Ac 13:7; accompany, associate w. someone Lk 8:38; Ac 4:13; 22:9; take sides with someone (X., Cyr. 5, 4, 37; 7, 5, 77; Jos., Ant. 11, 259 [of God]) Ac 14:4.—πρός τινα be with someone Mt 13:56; Mk 6:3; J 1:1f. I am to be compared w. IMg 12.—μετά and gen. be with someone (Judg 14:11) Mt 17:17; Mk 3:14; 5:18; J 3:26; 12:17; ἔστω μεθʼ ὑμῶν εἰρήνη AcPlCor 2:40; of God, who is with someone (Gen 21:20; Judg 6:13 al.; Philo, Det. Pot. Ins. 4; Jos., Ant. 6, 181; 15, 138) Lk 1:66; J 3:2; 8:29; Ac 10:38 al.; also be with in the sense be favorable to, in league with (Ex 23:2) Mt 12:30; Lk 11:23; of punishment attending a pers. τὸ πῦρ ἐστι μετʼ αὐτοῦ AcPlCor 2:37.—παρά and gen. come from someone (X., An. 2, 4, 15; Just., D. 8, 4 ἔλεος παρὰ θεοῦ) fr. God J 6:46; 7:29; w. dat. be with, among persons Mt 22:25; Ac 10:6. W. neg. be strange to someone, there is no … in someone Ro 2:11; 9:14; Eph 6:9.—ὑπέρ w. gen. be on one’s side Mk 9:4 and Lk 9:50 (both opp. κατά); w. acc. be superior to (Sir 25:10; 30:16) Lk 6:40.

ⓒ of condition or circumstance: κατά w. acc. live in accordance with (Sir 28:10; 43:8; 2 Macc 9:20) κατὰ σάκρα, πνεῦμα Ro 8:5. οὐκ ἔστιν κατὰ ἄνθρωπον not human (in origin) Gal 1:11.—Fig. ὑπό w. acc. be under (the power of) someth. Ro 3:9; 6:14f; Gal 3:10, 25.—W. ἐν of existing ἐν τῷ θεῷ εἶναι of humankind: have its basis of existence in God Ac 17:28. Of states of being: ἐν δόξῃ 2 Cor 3:8; ἐν εἰρήνῃ Lk 11:21; ἐν ἔχθρᾳ at enmity 23:12; ἐν κρίματι under condemnation vs. 40. ἐν ῥύσει αἵματος suffer from hemorrhages Mk 5:25; Lk 8:43 (cp. Soph., Aj. 271 ἦν ἐν τῇ νόσῳ; cp. TestJob 35:1 ἐν πληγαῖς πολλαῖς). Periphrastically for an adj. ἐν ἐξουσίᾳ authoritative Lk 4:32. ἐν βάρει important 1 Th 2:7. ἐν τῇ πίστει true believers, believing 2 Cor 13:5. Be involved in someth. ἐν ἑορτῇ be at the festival=take part in it J 2:23. ἐν τούτοις ἴσθι devote yourself to these things 1 Ti 4:15 (cp. X., Hell. 4, 8, 7 ἐν τοιούτοις ὄντες=occupied w. such things; Jos., Ant. 2, 346 ἐν ὕμνοις ἦσαν=they occupied themselves w. the singing of hymns).—Fig., live in the light 1J 2:9; cp. vs. 11; 1 Th 5:4; in the flesh Ro 7:5; 8:8; AcPlCor 1:6. ἐν οἷς εἰμι in the situation in which I find myself Phil 4:11 (X., Hell. 4, 2, 1; Diod S 12, 63, 5; 12, 66, 4; Appian, Hann. 55 §228 ἐν τούτοις ἦν=he was in this situation; Jos., Ant. 7, 232 ἐν τούτοις ἦσαν=found themselves in this sit.; TestJob 35:6 ἐν τίνι ἐστίν; s. ZPE VIII 170). ἐν πολλοῖς ὢν ἀστοχήμασι AcPlCor 2:1. Of characteristics, emotions, etc. ἔν τινί ἐστιν, e.g. ἀδικία J 7:18; ἄγνοια Eph 4:18; ἀλήθεια J 8:44; 2 Cor 11:10 (cp. 1 Macc 7:18); ἁμαρτία 1J 3:5.

ⓓ of time ἐγγύς of καιρός be near Mt 26:18; Mk 13:28. πρὸς ἑσπέραν ἐστίν it is toward evening Lk 24:29 (Just., D. 137, 4 πρὸς δυσμὰς … ὁ ἥλιός ἐστι).

④ to be alive in a period of time, live, denoting temporal existence (Hom., Trag., Thu. et al.; Sir 42:21; En 102:5 Philo, De Jos. 17; Jos., Ant. 7, 254) εἰ ἤμεθα ἐν ταῖς ἡμέραις τῶν πατέρων ἡμῶν if we had lived in the days of our fathers Mt 23:30. ὅτι οὐκ εἰσὶν because they were no more 2:18 (Jer 38:15). ἦσαν ἐπὶ χρόνον ἱκανόν (those who were healed and raised by Christ) remained alive for quite some time Qua.

⑤ to be the time at which someth. takes place w. indications of specific moments or occasions, be (X., Hell. 4, 5, 1, An. 4, 3, 8; Sus 13 Theod.; 1 Macc 6:49; 2 Macc 8:26; Jos., Ant. 6, 235 νουμηνία δʼ ἦν; 11, 251): ἦν ὥρα ἕκτη it was the sixth hour (=noon acc. to Jewish reckoning) Lk 23:44; J 4:6; 19:14.—Mk 15:25; J 1:39. ἦν ἑσπέρα ἤδη it was already evening Ac 4:3. πρωί̈ J 18:28. ἦν παρασκευή Mk 15:42. ἦν ἑορτὴ τῶν Ἰουδαίων J 5:1. σάββατόν ἐστιν vs. 10 et al. Short clauses (as Polyaenus 4, 9, 2 νὺξ ἦν; 7, 44, 2 πόλεμος ἦν; exc. 36, 8 ἦν ἀρίστου ὥρα; Jos., Ant. 19, 248 ἔτι δὲ νὺξ ἦν) χειμὼν ἦν J 10:22; ἦν δὲ νύξ (sim. Jos., Bell. 4, 64) 13:30; ψύχος it was cold 18:18; καύσων ἔσται it will be hot Lk 12:55.

⑥ to take place as a phenomenon or event, take place, occur, become, be, be in (Hom., Thu. et al.; LXX; En 104:5; 106:6.—Cp. Just., D. 82, 2 of Christ’s predictions ὅπερ καὶ ἔστι ‘which is in fact the case’.) ἔσται θόρυβος τοῦ λαοῦ a popular uprising Mk 14:2. γογγυσμὸς ἦν there was (much) muttering J 7:12. σχίσμα there was a division 9:16; 1 Cor 1:10; 12:25. ἔριδες … εἰσίν quarrels are going on 1:11. δεῖ αἱρέσεις εἶναι 11:19. θάνατος, πένθος, κραυγή, πόνος ἔσται Rv 21:4. ἔσονται λιμοὶ κ. σεισμοί Mt 24:7. Hence τὸ ἐσόμενον what was going to happen (Sir 48:25) Lk 22:49. πότε ταῦτα ἔσται; when will this happen? Mt 24:3. πῶς ἔσται τοῦτο; how can this be? Lk 1:34. Hebraistically (הָיָה; s. KBeyer, Semitische Syntax im NT, ’62, 63–65) καὶ ἔσται w. fut. of another verb foll. and it will come about that Ac 2:17 (Jo 3:1); 3:23 (w. δέ); Ro 9:26 (Hos 2:1).—W. dat. ἐστί τινι happen, be granted, come, to someone (X., An. 2, 1, 10; Jos., Ant. 11, 255; Just., D. 8, 4 σοὶ … ἔλεος ἔσται παρὰ θεοῦ) Mt 16:22; Mk 11:24; Lk 2:10; GJs 1:1; 4:3; 8:3; τί ἐστίν σοι τοῦτο, ὅτι what is the matter with you, that GJs 17:2.—Of becoming or turning into someth. become someth. εἰς χολὴν πικρίας εἶναι become bitter gall Ac 8:23. εἰς σάρκα μίαν Mt 19:5; Mk 10:8; 1 Cor 6:16; Eph 5:31 (all Gen 2:24. Cp. Syntipas p. 42, 24 οὐκ ἔτι ἔσομαι μετὰ σοῦ εἰς γυναῖκα); τὰ σκολιὰ εἰς εὐθείας Lk 3:5 (Is 40:4); εἰς πατέρα 2 Cor 6:18; Hb 1:5 (2 Km 7:14; 1 Ch 22:10; 28:6); εἰς τὸ ἕν 1J 5:8.— Serve as someth. (IPriene 50, 39 [c. II B.C.] εἶναι εἰς φυλακὴν τ. πόλεως; Aesop., Fab. 28 H.=18 P.; 26 Ch.; 18 H-H. εἰς ὠφέλειαν; Gen 9:13; s. also εἰς 4d) 1 Cor 14:22; Col 2:22; Js 5:3.—Of something being ἀνεκτότερον ἔσται it will be more tolerable τινί for someone Lk 10:12, 14.

⑦ to exist as possibility ἔστιν w. inf. foll. it is possible, one can (Περὶ ὕψους 6; Diog. L. 1, 110 ἔστιν εὑρεῖν=one can find; Just., A I, 59, 10 ἔστι ταῦτα ἀκοῦσαι καὶ μαθεῖν; D. 42, 3 ἰδεῖν al.; Mel., P. 19, 127); neg. οὐκ ἔστιν νῦν λέγειν it is not possible to speak at this time Hb 9:5. οὐκ ἔστιν φαγεῖν it is impossible to eat 1 Cor 11:20 (so Hom. et al.; UPZ 70, 23 [152/151 B.C.] οὐκ ἔστι ἀνακύψαι με πώποτε … ὑπὸ τῆς αἰσχύνης; 4 Macc 13:5; Wsd 5:10; Sir 14:16; 18:6; EpJer 49 al.; EpArist 163; Jos., Ant. 2, 335; Ath. 22, 3 ἔστιν εἰπεῖν).

⑧ to have a point of derivation or origin, be,/come from somewhere ἐκ τῆς ἐξουσίας Ἡρῴδου from Herod’s jurisdiction Lk 23:7; ἐκ Ναζαρέτ (as an insignificant place) J 1:46; ἐκ τῆς γῆς 3:31; ἐκ γυναικός 1 Cor 11:8 al. ἐξ οὐρανοῦ, ἐξ ἀνθρώπων be of heavenly (divine), human descent Mt 21:25; Mk 11:30; Lk 20:4. Be generated by (cp. Sb 8141, 21f [ins I B.C.] οὐδʼ ἐκ βροτοῦ ἤεν ἄνακτος, ἀλλὰ θεοῦ μεγάλου ἔκγονος; En 106:6) Mt 1:20. Esp. in Johannine usage ἐκ τοῦ διαβόλου εἶναι originate from the devil J 8:44; 1J 3:8. ἐκ τοῦ πονηροῦ 3:12; ἐκ τοῦ κόσμου J 15:19; 17:14, 16; 1J 4:5. ἐκ τῆς ἀληθείας εἶναι 2:21; J 18:37 etc. Cp. 9 end.

⑨ to belong to someone or someth. through association or genetic affiliation, be, belong w. simple gen. (X., Hell. 2, 4, 36; Iambl., Vi. Pyth. 33, 230 τῶν Πυθαγορείων) οἱ τῆς ὁδοῦ ὄντες those who belong to the Way Ac 9:2. εἰμὶ Παύλου I belong to Paul 1 Cor 1:12; 3:4; cp. Ro 8:9; 2 Cor 10:7; 1 Ti 1:20; Ac 23:6. ἡμέρας εἶναι belong to the day 1 Th 5:8, cp. vs. 5. W. ἔκ τινος 1 Cor 12:15f; Mt 26:73; Mk 14:69f; Lk 22:58 al. (cp. X., Mem. 3, 6, 17; oft LXX). ἐκ τοῦ ἀριθμοῦ τῶν δώδεκα belong to the twelve 22:3. ὅς ἐστιν ἐξ ὑμῶν who is a fellow-countryman of yours Col 4:9.—To belong through origin 2 Cor 4:7. Of Mary: ἦν τῆς φυλῆς τοῦ Δαυίδ was of David’s line GJs 10:1. Cp. 8 above.

⑩ to have someth. to do with someth. or someone, be. To denote a close relationship ἐξ ἔργων νόμου εἶναι rely on legal performance Gal 3:10. ὁ νόμος οὐκ ἔστιν ἐκ πίστεως the law has nothing to do with faith vs. 12.—To denote a possessor Mt 5:3, 10; l9:14; Mk 12:7; Lk 18:16; 1 Cor 6:19. Esp. of God who owns the Christian Ac 27:23; 1 Cor 3:23; 2 Ti 2:19 (Num 16:5). οὐδʼ εἶναι τὸν κόσμον θεοῦ, ἀλλὰ ἀγγέλων AcPlCor 1:15 (cp. Just., A II, 13, 4 ὅσα … καλῶς εἴρηται, ἡμῶν τῶν χριστιανῶν ἐστι).—W. possess. pron. ὑμετέρα ἐστὶν ἡ βασιλεία Lk 6:20. οὐκ ἔστιν ἐμὸν δοῦναι Mk 10:40 (cp. Just., A I, 4, 2 ὑμέτερον ἀγωνιᾶσαί ἐστι ‘it is a matter for your concern’).—To denote function (X., An. 2, 1, 4) οὐχ ὑμῶν ἐστιν it is no concern of yours Ac 1:7—Of quality παιδεία οὐ δοκεῖ χαρᾶς εἶναι discipline does not seem to be (partake of) joy Hb 12:11.—10:39.

⑪ as an auxiliary: very commonly the simple tense forms are replaced by the periphrasis εἶναι and the ptc. (B-D-F §352–55; Mlt. 225–27, 249; Mlt-H. 451f; Rdm.² 102, 105, 205; Kühner-G. I 38ff; Rob. 374–76, 1119f; CTurner, Marcan Usage: JTS 28, 1927 349–51; GKilpatrick, BT 7, ’56, 7f; very oft. LXX).

ⓐ (as in Hom et al.) w. the pf. ptc. to express the pf., plpf. and fut. pf. act. and pass. (s. Mayser 329; 377) ἦσαν ἐληλυθότες they had come Lk 5:17. ἦν αὐτῶν ἡ καρδία πεπωρωμένη their hearts were hardened Mk 6:52. ἠλπικότες ἐσμέν we have set our hope 1 Cor 15:19. ὁ καιρὸς συνεσταλμένος ἐστίν the time has become short 7:29. ἦν ἑστώς (En 12:3) he was standing (more exactly he took his stand) Lk 5:1.

ⓑ w. pres. ptc. (B-D-F §353).

α. to express the pres. ἐστὶν προσαναπληροῦσα τὰ ὑστερήματα supplies the wants 2 Cor 9:12 (Just., A I, 26, 5 Μαρκίων … καὶ νῦν ἔτι ἐστὶ διδάσκων; Mel., P. 61, 441 ἐστὶν … κηρυσσόμενον).

β. impf. or aor. ἦν καθεύδων he was sleeping Mk 4:38. ἦσαν ἀναβαίνοντες … ἦν προάγων 10:32; cp. Lk 1:22; 5:17; 11:14 al. (JosAs 1:3 ἦν συνάγων τὸν σίτον; Mel., P. 80, 580 ἦσθα εὐφραινόμενος). ἦν τὸ φῶς τὸ ἀλήθινόν … ἐρχόμενον εἰς τὸν κόσμον the true light entered the world J 1:9, w. ἦν introducing a statement in dramatic contrast to the initial phrase of vs. 8.—To denote age (Demetr.: 722 Fgm. 1, 2 al. Jac.; POxy 275, 9 [66 A.D.] οὐδέπω ὄντα τῶν ἐτῶν; Tob 14:11) Mk 5:42; Lk 3:23; Ac 4:22; GJs 12:3.—Mussies 304–6.

γ. fut. ἔσῃ σιωπῶν you will be silent Lk 1:20; cp. 5:10; Mt 24:9; Mk 13:13; Lk 21:17, 24 al.; 2 Cl 17:7 Bihlm. (the child) shall serve him (God).

ⓒ w. aor. ptc. as plpf. (Aelian, NA 7, 11; Hippiatr. 34, 14, vol. I p. 185, 3 ἦν σκευάσας; ISyriaW 2070b ἦν κτίσας; AcThom 16; 27 [Aa II/2 p. 123, 2f; p. 142, 10]; B-D-F §355 m.—JVogeser, Z. Sprache d. griech. Heiligenlegenden, diss. Munich 1907, 14; JWittmann, Sprachl. Untersuchungen zu Cosmas Indicopleustes, diss. Munich 1913, 20; SPsaltes, Gramm. d. byzant. Chroniken 1913, 230; Björck [διδάσκω end] 75; B-D-F §355). ἦν βληθείς had been thrown Lk 23:19; J 18:30 v.l.—GPt 6:23; 12:51. (Cp. Just., A II, 10, 2 διʼ εὑρέσεως … ἐστὶ πονηθέντα αὐτοῖς ‘they achieved through investigation’).

ⓓ Notice esp. the impersonals δέον ἐστίν it is necessary (Pla. et al.; POxy 727, 19; Sir praef. ln. 3; 1 Macc 12:11 δέον ἐστὶν καὶ πρέπον) Ac 19:36; εἰ δέον ἐστίν if it must be 1 Pt 1:6 (s. δεῖ 2a); 1 Cl 34:2; πρέπον ἐστίν it is appropriate (Pla. et al.; POxy 120, 24; 3 Macc 7:13) Mt 3:15; 1 Cor 11:13.

ⓔ In many cases the usage w. the ptc. serves to emphasize the duration of an action or condition (BGU 183, 25 ἐφʼ ὸ̔ν χρόνον ζῶσα ᾖ Σαταβούς); JosAs 2:1 ἦν … ἐξουθενοῦσα καὶ καταπτύουσα πάντα ἄνδρα). ἦν διδάσκων he customarily taught Mk 1:22; Lk 4:31; 19:47. ἦν θέλων he cherished the wish 23:8. ἦσαν νηστεύοντες they were keeping the fast Mk 2:18. ἦσαν συλλαλοῦντες they were conversing for a while 9:4. ἦν προσδεχόμενος he was waiting for (the kgdm.) 15:43. ἦν συγκύπτουσα she was bent over Lk 13:11.

ⓕ to emphasize the adjectival idea inherent in the ptc. rather than the concept of action expressed by the finite verb ζῶν εἰμι I am alive Rv 1:18. ἦν ὑποτασσόμενος he was obedient Lk 2:51. ἦν ἔχων κτήματα πολλά he was very rich Mt 19:22; Mk 10:22. ἴσθι ἐξουσίαν ἔχων you shall have authority Lk 19:17 (Lucian, Tim. 35 ἴσθι εὐδαιμονῶν). ἦν καταλλάσσων (God) was reconciling 2 Cor 5:19 (cp. Mel., P. 83, 622 οὗτος ἦν ὁ ἐκλεξάμενός σε; Ath. 15, 2 οὗτός ἐστιν ὁ … καρπούμενος).—LMcGaughy, Toward a Descriptive Analysis of ΕΙΝΑΙ as a Linking Verb in the Gk. NT, diss. Vanderbilt, ’70 (s. esp. critique of treatment of εἰμί in previous edd. of this lexicon pp. 12–15).—Mlt. 228. B. 635. DELG. M-M. EDNT. TW. Sv.

Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά παλαιοχριστιανική Λογοτεχνία > εἰμί
10 about

1. adverb
1) (all around) rings[her]um; (here and there) überall

all about — ringsumher

strewn/littered about all over the room — überall im Zimmer verstreut

2) (near)

be about — da sein; hier sein

is John about? — ist John da?

there was nobody about — es war niemand da

3)

be about to do something — gerade etwas tun wollen

4) (active)

be out and about — aktiv sein

be up and about — auf sein (ugs.)

5) (approximately) ungefähr

[at] about 5 p.m. — ungefähr um od. gegen 17 Uhr

6) (round) herum; rum (ugs.)

about turn!, (Amer.) about face! — (Mil.) kehrt!

7)

[turn and] turn about — (in rotation) abwechselnd
2. preposition
1) (all around) um [... herum]

there was litter lying about the park/streets — überall im Park/auf den Straßen lag der Abfall herum

2) (with)

have something about one — etwas [bei sich] haben

3) (concerning) über (+ Akk.)

an argument/a question about something — Streit wegen etwas/eine Frage zu etwas

talk/laugh about something — über etwas (Akk.) sprechen/lachen

cry about something — wegen etwas weinen

know about something — von etwas wissen

what was it about? — worum ging es?

4) (occupied with)

be quick/brief about it — beeil dich!; (in speaking) fasse dich kurz!

while you're about it — da Sie gerade dabei sind

* * *
1. preposition
(on the subject of: We talked about our plans; What's the book about?) über
2. preposition, adverb
1) ((sometimes round about) near (in place, time, size etc): about five miles away; (round) about six o'clock; just about big enough.) ungefähr

2) (in different directions; here and there: The children ran about (the garden).) herum

3) (in or on some part (of a place etc): You'll find him somewhere about (the office).) irgendwo in...

4) (around or surrounding: She wore a coat about her shoulders; He lay with his clothes scattered about.) um
3. adverb
((in military commands etc) in the opposite direction: About turn!) kehrt!

- academic.ru/115262/be_about_to">be about to

* * *

about

[əˈbaʊt]

I. prep

1. (on the subject of, concerning) über + akk

she had some misgivings \about the talk sie hatte wegen des Gesprächs Bedenken

he often tells jokes \about dumb blonds er erzählt oft Blondinenwitze

be quick \about it! beeil dich [damit]!, mach schnell!

anxiety \about the future Angst f vor der Zukunft, Zukunftsangst f

a book/movie/programme \about sth/sb ein Buch/ein Film/eine Sendung über etw/jdn

what's that book \about? worum geht es in dem Buch?

the movie is \about the American Civil War der Film handelt vom Amerikanischen Bürgerkrieg

to have a discussion \about how/who/why... darüber diskutieren, wie/wer/warum...

to have a phobia \about spiders eine Spinnenphobie haben

to be happy \about sth sich akk über etw akk freuen

to be sure [or certain] /unsure [or uncertain] \about sth sich dat einer S. gen sicher/unsicher sein

he was still unsure \about what he should do er war sich noch immer nicht sicher, was er tun sollte

we are now certain \about our decision to move wir haben uns jetzt endgültig entschlossen umzuziehen

to ask sb \about sth/sb jdn nach etw/jdm fragen

to be on \about sth BRIT ( fam) sich akk über etw akk auslassen

to care \about sth/sb sich akk für etw/jdn interessieren

I don't care \about your opinion! deine Meinung interessiert mich nicht!

to dream \about sth/sb von etw/jdm träumen

she always dreams \about winning the lottery sie träumt immer davon, im Lotto zu gewinnen

to talk \about sth über etw akk sprechen

all \about sb/sth alles über jdn/etw

he taught us all \about biology wir haben von ihm alles über Biologie gelernt

it's all \about having fun es geht einfach nur darum, Spaß zu haben

2. (affecting) gegen + akk

to do something \about sth etwas gegen etw akk unternehmen

will you please do something \about the leaky tap? kümmerst du dich bitte mal um den tropfenden Wasserhahn?

I can't do anything \about it ich kann nichts dagegen machen

to do little/much/nothing \about sth wenig/viel/nichts gegen etw akk tun

there's nothing we can do \about it dagegen können wir nichts machen

to do nothing \about a problem ein Problem nicht anpacken, nicht gegen ein Problem vorgehen

3. (surrounding) um + akk

he takes little notice of the world \about him er nimmt von seiner Umgebung kaum Notiz

to put one's arms \about sb jdn umarmen

4. after vb (expressing movement)

to wander \about the house im Haus herumlaufen

to look \about the room sich akk im Zimmer umsehen

5. (expressing location)

she must be \about the place somewhere sie muss hier irgendwo sein; BRIT ( form)

do you have a pen \about you[r person]? haben Sie einen Kugelschreiber dabei?

6. (being a feature, characteristic of) an + dat

what exactly didn't you like \about the play? was genau hat dir an der Aufführung nicht gefallen?

there is a deep sadness \about him ihn umgibt eine tiefe Melancholie

he has a way \about him that I don't like er hat etwas an sich, das mir nicht gefällt

there's something strange \about him er hat etwas Merkwürdiges an sich

7. (aimed at)

▪ to be \about doing sth beabsichtigen [o darauf abzielen], etw zu tun

the takeover was not \about getting rid of competition die Übernahme sollte nicht die Konkurrenz ausschalten; BRIT ( fam)

8. BRIT ( fam: in the process of)

to be \about it gerade dabei sein

could you make me some coffee too while you're \about it? wo Sie gerade dabei sind, könnten Sie mir auch einen Kaffee machen?

9.

▶ to go \about sth (continue) mit etw dat fortfahren; (tackle) etw angehen

how shall go \about solving this problem? wie sollen wir dieses Problem angehen?

how do you go \about getting a fishing licence here? was muss man tun, wenn man hier einen Angelschein erwerben will?

▶ how \about sth/sb? wie wäre es mit jdm/etw?

how \about a cup of tea? wie wäre es mit einer Tasse Tee?

▶ to know what one is \about ( fam) wissen, was man tut

▶ what \about it? was ist damit?

is that your car? — yes, what \about it? ist das da Ihr Auto? — ja, was ist damit?

▶ and what \about us? und was ist mit uns?

▶ what \about your job? wie läuft es bei der Arbeit?

▶ what \about going [or a trip] to the zoo? wie wäre es mit einem Besuch im Zoo?

II. adv inv

1. (approximately) ungefähr

he's \about six feet tall er ist ungefähr 1,80 m groß

\about eight [o'clock] [so] gegen acht [Uhr]

\about two days/months ago vor etwa zwei Tagen/Monaten

2. (almost) fast

I've had just \about enough from you! ich habe allmählich genug von dir!

that's just \about the limit! das ist ja so ziemlich das Letzte!

3. (barely)

we just \about made it wir haben es gerade noch [so] geschafft

he earns just \about enough to live on er verdient gerade mal genug zum Leben

4. esp BRIT (around) herum

don't leave things \about on the floor lass nichts auf dem Boden herumliegen

some people were standing \about ein paar Leute standen so herum

there's a lot of flu \about at the moment im Moment geht die Grippe um

to be up [or out] and \about auf den Beinen sein

to move \about herumlaufen, umherlaufen

stop moving \about! bleib doch mal [ruhig] stehen!

5. esp BRIT (in the area) hier, in der Nähe

is Cathy \about? ist Cathy hier irgendwo?

she must be \about somewhere sie muss hier irgendwo sein

have you seen Peter \about? hast du Peter irgendwo gesehen?

there was nobody \about es war keiner da

6. ( form: opposite) andersherum

to turn sth \about etw herumdrehen

\about turn [or AM face]! MIL [Abteilung] kehrt!

7. (intending)

▪ to be \about to do sth im Begriff sein [o gerade vorhaben], etw zu tun

she was [just] \about to leave when Mark arrived sie wollte gerade gehen, als Mark kam

he was \about to burst into tears er wäre fast in Tränen ausgebrochen

we're just \about to have supper wir wollen gerade zu Abend essen

I'm not \about to beg for his apology ich werde ihn bestimmt nicht um eine Entschuldigung bitten

8.

▶ that's \about all [or it] das wär's

anything else? — no, that's \about it for now wünschen Sie noch etwas? — nein, das wäre erst einmal alles [o das wär's fürs Erste]

* * *
[ə'baʊt]
1. adv

1) (esp Brit) herum, umher; (= present) in der Nähe

to run/walk about — herum- or umherrennen/-gehen

I looked (all) about — ich sah ringsumher

to leave things (lying) about — Sachen herumliegen lassen

to be ( up and) about again —

we were about early — wir waren früh auf den Beinen

there's a thief about — ein Dieb geht um

there's plenty of money about — es ist Geld in Mengen vorhanden

there was nobody about who could help — es war niemand in der Nähe, der hätte helfen können

at night when there's nobody about — nachts, wenn niemand unterwegs ist

where is he/it? – he's/it's about somewhere — wo ist er/es? – (er/es ist) irgendwo in der Nähe

it's the other way about — es ist gerade umgekehrt

day and day about — (täglich) abwechselnd

See:

→ out, turn, up

2)

to be about to — im Begriff sein zu; ( esp US inf

I was about to go out — ich wollte gerade ausgehen

it's about to rain — es regnet gleich or demnächst

he's about to start school —

we are about to run out of coffee — uns geht demnächst der Kaffee aus, wir haben bald keinen Kaffee mehr

are you about to tell me...? — willst du mir etwa erzählen...?

3) (= approximately) ungefähr, (so) um... (herum)

he's about 40 —

about 2 o'clock — ungefähr or so um 2 Uhr

he is about the same, doctor — sein Zustand hat sich kaum geändert, Herr Doktor

that's about it — das ist so ziemlich alles, das wärs (so ziemlich) (inf)

that's about right — das stimmt (so) ungefähr

I've had about enough (of this nonsense) — jetzt reicht es mir aber allmählich (mit diesem Unsinn)

he was about dead from exhaustion — er war halb tot vor Erschöpfung

See:

→ just, round, time

2. prep

1) (esp Brit) um (... herum); (= in) in (+dat) (... herum)

the fields about the house — die Felder ums Haus (herum)

scattered about the room — im ganzen or über das ganze Zimmer verstreut

somewhere about here — irgendwo hierherum

all about the house — im ganzen Haus (herum)

to sit about the house —

to do jobs about the house — sich im Haus (herum) nützlich machen

he looked about him — er schaute sich um

there's something about him/about the way he speaks — er/seine Art zu reden hat so etwas an sich

while you're about it —

you've been a long time about it — du hast lange dazu gebraucht

and be quick about it! — und beeil dich damit!, aber ein bisschen dalli! (inf)

2) (= concerning) über (+acc)

tell me all about it — erzähl doch mal

he knows about it — er weiß darüber Bescheid, er weiß davon

what's it all about? — worum or um was (inf) handelt es sich or geht es (eigentlich)?

he knows what it's all about — er weiß Bescheid

he's promised to do something about it — er hat versprochen, (in der Sache) etwas zu unternehmen

they fell out about money — sie haben sich wegen Geld zerstritten

how or what about me? — und ich, was ist mit mir? (inf)

how or what about it/going to the cinema? —

what about that book? have you brought it back? — was ist mit dem Buch? hast du es zurückgebracht?

(yes,) what about it/him? —

he doesn't know what he's about — er weiß nicht, was er (eigentlich) tut

* * *

about [əˈbaʊt]

A adv

1. umher, (rings-, rund)herum, in der Runde:

all about überall;

a long way about ein großer Umweg;

the wrong way about falsch herum;

three miles about drei Meilen im Umkreis

2. ungefähr, etwa, nahezu:

it’s about time that … es ist an der Zeit, dass …; es wird langsam Zeit, dass …;

and about time, about time too es wurde aber auch langsam Zeit;

it’s about right umg es kommt so ungefähr hin;

that’s about it, that’s about all das wärs; → just B 5

3. (halb) herum, in der entgegengesetzten Richtung:

be about SCHIFF klar zum Wenden sein; → face C 1, turn¹ A 27

4. be about to do sth im Begriff oder dabei oder auf dem Sprung sein, etwas zu tun;

he was about to go out, when … er wollte gerade ausgehen, als …;

not be about to do sth bes US umg nicht die Absicht haben oder nicht daran denken, etwas zu tun

5. in der Nähe, da:

there is no one about

6. be about umgehen (Krankheit):

there are a lot of colds about at the moment zurzeit sind viele erkältet

B präp

1. besonders Br um, um … herum

2. (irgendwo) herum in (dat):

wander about the streets in den Straßen herumwandern

3. bei, auf (dat), an (dat), um:

have you got any money about you? haben Sie Geld bei sich?;

there is nothing about him an ihm ist nichts Besonderes;

have sth about one etwas an sich haben;

he had a gun hidden about his person er hatte eine Pistole in seiner Kleidung versteckt

4. um, gegen, etwa:

about my height ungefähr meine Größe;

about this time (etwa oder ungefähr) um diese Zeit;

about noon um die Mittagszeit, gegen Mittag

5. über (akk):

talk about business;

what is it (all) about? worum handelt es sich (eigentlich)?

6. beschäftigt mit:

he knows what he is about er weiß, was er tut oder was er will;

what are you about?

a) was machst du da?,

b) was hast du vor?;

and while you’re about it und wenn du schon dabei bist

C v/t SCHIFF ein Schiff wenden

* * *
1. adverb
1) (all around) rings[her]um; (here and there) überall

all about — ringsumher

strewn/littered about all over the room — überall im Zimmer verstreut

2) (near)

be about — da sein; hier sein

is John about? — ist John da?

there was nobody about — es war niemand da

3)

be about to do something — gerade etwas tun wollen

4) (active)

be out and about — aktiv sein

be up and about — auf sein (ugs.)

5) (approximately) ungefähr

[at] about 5 p.m. — ungefähr um od. gegen 17 Uhr

6) (round) herum; rum (ugs.)

about turn!, (Amer.) about face! — (Mil.) kehrt!

7)

[turn and] turn about — (in rotation) abwechselnd
2. preposition
1) (all around) um [... herum]

there was litter lying about the park/streets — überall im Park/auf den Straßen lag der Abfall herum

2) (with)

have something about one — etwas [bei sich] haben

3) (concerning) über (+ Akk.)

an argument/a question about something — Streit wegen etwas/eine Frage zu etwas

talk/laugh about something — über etwas (Akk.) sprechen/lachen

cry about something — wegen etwas weinen

know about something — von etwas wissen

what was it about? — worum ging es?

4) (occupied with)

be quick/brief about it — beeil dich!; (in speaking) fasse dich kurz!

while you're about it — da Sie gerade dabei sind

* * *

adj.

etwa adj.

gegen adj.

um... adj.

ungefähr adj. prep.

über präp.

English-german dictionary > about
11 время

(см. также год, лета) time, tense
• В давние времена в основном считалось, что... - In ancient times it was generally believed that...

• В настоящее время изучаются свойства данного материала. - The properties of this material are presently being studied.

• В настоящее время имеется значительный интерес к... - Currently, there is considerable interest in...

• В настоящее время очень мало известно о... - Little is known at present about...

• В настоящее время проводятся эксперименты, чтобы исследовать... - Experiments are currently underway to investigate...

• В последнее время стало явным, что... - It has recently become apparent that...

• В последнее время существенные усилия были приложены... - There has recently been considerable effort put toward...

• В течение очень долгого времени было известно, что... - It has been known for a very long time that...

• В то же время необходимо объяснить, что... - At the same time it must be explained that...

• В то же самое время было также понятно, что... - At the same time, it was also clear that...

• В то же самое время данные результаты указывают, что... - At the same time, the results indicate that...

• В то же самое время следует помнить, что... - At the same time it must be remembered that...

• Вплоть до весьма недавнего времени не бывало, чтобы... - It has not been until very recently that...

• Вплоть до недавнего времени считалось, что... - Until recently, it was thought that...

• Время от времени мы будем интересоваться... - Occasionally we will be interested in...

• Время от времени утверждалось, что... - It has occasionally been argued that...

• Данный анализ отнимает много времени. - This analysis is time consuming.

• К настоящему времени несколько ученых исследовали эту проблему. - То date, few investigators have pursued this matter.

• К тому времени единственным практическим методом был... - At that time, the only practical method was...

• Как установлено в настоящее время,... - As things stand today,...

• На некоторое время мы пренебрегаем тем фактом, что... - We neglect, for the time being, the fact that...

• Не так уж долго осталось ждать того времени, когда... - It should not be long before...

• Однако в то время было принято, что... - However, it was recognized at the time that...

• Однако вплоть до недавнего времени это рассматривалось как... - But until recently it was regarded as...

• Оставляя на короткое время в стороне вопрос, действительно ли... - Putting aside for a moment the question whether...

• Положение, занимаемое частицей Р, в общем случае будет изменяться со временем. - As time goes on, the place occupied by P generally will vary.

• Понадобится много времени для того, чтобы найти... - One will have to go a long way to find...

• Понадобится некоторое время для того, чтобы... - It will take some time before...

• После короткого промежутка времени мы должны были бы ожидать... - After a short time, we would expect...
•
С течением времени процесс будет изменяться в сторону стационарного распределения. - As time progresses, the process will move toward a steady state distribution.

• Согласно имеющимся в настоящее время сведениям... - According to the present available evidence,...

• Тем временем мы должны проверить... - Meanwhile we should examine...

Русско-английский словарь научного общения > время
12 breve

brĕvis, e, adj. (abl. breve, Varr. R. R. 2, 3, 2; comp. abl. breviore, Ov. Am. 2, 17, 22) [cf. brachus, Fest. p. 26], short, little, of small extent, in space and time (opp. longus; in space, in good class. prose, diff. from parvus, which designates that which fills a small space in length, breadth, and thickness; while brevis is used only of length in its different directions of breadth, height, or depth; and even of a circle, as merely a line, and without reference to the space enclosed, v. infra. In poets and postAug. prose brevis sometimes = parvus).
I.
Lit., in space.
A.
In distance, extent, short, little, small, narrow (opp. latus), Cic. Ac. 2, 29, 92:
brevior via,
Nep. Eum. 8, 5; Tib. 1, 10, 4:
via brevis,
Verg. E. 9, 23; Ov. M. 5, 253; Juv. 14, 223:
cursus brevissimus,
Verg. A. 3, 507:
brevius iter,
Ov. P. 1, 4, 32:
cursu brevissimus Almo,
id. M. 14, 329:
quid mihi, quod lato non separor aequore, prodest? Num minus haec nobis tam brevis obstat aqua?
so narrow a stream, id. H. 18, 174; cf.
also brevis unda, opp. latum mare,
id. ib. 19, 141 and 142:
non Asiam brevioris aquae disterminat usquam fluctus ab Europā,
Luc. 9, 957 (strictioris, Schol.); cf. id. 9, 317:
brevissima terra,
Plin. Ep. 10, 69, 2:
in Euboico scopulus brevis emicat altō Gurgite,
a small, narrow rock, Ov. M. 9, 226:
brevibus Gyaris,
Juv. 1, 73:
scis In breve te cogi (sc. libellum),
that you are closely rolled together, Hor. Ep. 1, 20, 8:
quo brevius valent,
the nearer, the more powerful are they in conflict, Tac. A. 6, 35.—
2.
Trop. of the journey of life:
quid est, quod in hoc tam exiguo vitae curriculo et tam brevi tantis nos in laboribus exerceamus?
Cic. Arch. 11, 28; cf.:
vitae brevis cursus, gloriae sempiternus,
id. Sest. 21, 47:
tum brevior dirae mortis aperta via est,
Tib. 1, 10, 4.—And poet. of the thread of life:
fila vitae breviora,
Ov. Tr. 5, 10, 46. —
B.
In height, short, small, low (opp. altus and sometimes longus);
of the human figure: sed sedebat judex L. Aurifex, brevior ipse quam testis,
Cic. de Or. 2, 60, 245:
ut statura breves in digitos eriguntur,
Quint. 2, 3, 8:
forma,
Ov. M. 5, 457:
(puella) longa brevisque,
id. Am. 2, 4, 36:
brevis corpore,
Suet. Galb. 3;
id. Vit. Hor.—Of a maiden changed to a boy: et incomptis brevior mensura capillis,
Ov. M. 9, 789.—
Of other things: ut pleraque Alpium ab Italiā sicut breviora, ita arrectiora sunt,
lower, Liv. 21, 35, 11:
brevior ilex,
Sen. Herc. Oet. 1641:
mus,
little, Ov. F. 2, 574. —
C.
In depth, small, little, shallow (opp. profundus):
puteus,
Juv. 3, 226:
vada,
Verg. A. 5, 221; Sen. Agam. 570.—Hence, subst.: brĕvia, ium, n., as in Gr. ta brachea, shallow places, shallows, shoals:
tris Eurus ab alto In brevia et syrtis urget,
Verg. A. 1, 111 (brevia vadosa dicit, per quae vadi pedibus potest, Serv.); Luc. 9, 338: neque discerni poterant incerta ab solidis, brevia a profundis, Tac. A. 1, 70:
brevia litorum,
id. ib. 6, 33 fin. —Perh. also in sing.:
breve,
Tac. A. 14, 29 Draeg. ad loc. (Ritter, brevia; al. breve litus).—
2.
Trop.:
brevia, in quibus volutatur, incerta, ancipitia,
difficulties, Sen. Ep. 22, 7.—
D.
Of the line of a circle:
ubi circulus (i.e. arcticus) axem Ultimus extremum spatioque brevissimus ambit,
makes the shortest path, Ov. M. 2, 517; cf.
of similar orbits, of stars: absides breviores,
Plin. 2. 15, 13, §
63.—Of the circular course of a horse on the track: discit gyro breviore flecti,
Sen. Hippol. 314. —
II.
Transf., of time.
A.
Lit. (the usu. signif. of the word), short, brief, small, little.
1.
In gen.:
quanto, nox, fuisti longior hac proxumā, Tanto brevior dies ut fiat faciam,
Plaut. Am. 1, 3, 51:
breve spatium'st perferundi quae minitas mihi,
id. Capt. 3, 5, 85:
brevis hora,
Lucr. 4, 179; so Ov. M. 4, 696: Pa. Brevin' an longinquo sermone? Mi. Tribus verbis, Plaut. Mil. 4, 2, 30:
occasio,
Ter. Eun. 3, 5, 57; Phaedr. 5, 8, 5:
brevis hic est fructus homulleis,
short is this enjoyment for little men, Lucr. 3, 927; cf.:
MORS. PERFECIT. TVA. VT. TIBE. ESSENT. OMNIA. BREVIA. HONOS. FAMA. VIRTVSQVE. GLORIA. ATQVE. INGENIVM.,
Inscr. Orell. 558:
omnia brevia tolerabilia esse debent,
Cic. Lael. 27, 104; id. Fin. 1, 12, 40; 2, 29, 94; id. Tusc. 1, 39, 94; Sen. Ira, 3, 43, 5:
quoniam vita brevis est, memoriam nostri quam maxime longam efficere,
Sall. C. 1, 3; so,
vitae summa brevis spem nos vetat incohare longam,
Hor. C. 1, 4, 15; cf. id. ib. 1, 11, 6:
aut omnia breviora aliquanto fuere, aut Saguntum principio anni captum,
occupied a shorter time, Liv. 21, 15, 5:
brevissimum tempus,
id. 5, 6, 7:
detrimentum,
Quint. 11, 1, 10:
arbitrium mortis,
Tac. A. 15, 60:
breves populi Romani amores,
id. ib. 2, 41:
tempus,
Suet. Ner. 20 al.:
nobis quom semel occidit brevis lux, nox est perpetua una dormienda,
Cat. 5, 5:
fructus,
Lucr. 3, 914:
aevum,
Hor. C. 2, 16, 17; id. S. 2, 6, 97; id. Ep. 2, 1, 144; Plin. Pan. 78, 2:
anni,
Hor. C. 4, 13, 22:
ver,
Ov. M. 1, 118; 10, 85:
flores rosae,
quickly withering, short-lived, Hor. C. 2, 3, 13:
lilium,
id. ib. 1, 36, 16:
cena,
frugal, id. Ep. 1, 14, 35:
mensa,
id. A. P. 198:
dominus,
living but a short time, id. C. 2, 14, 24:
stultitia,
id. ib. 4, 12, 27:
ira furor brevis est,
id. Ep. 1, 2, 62:
actio brevis atque concisa,
Quint. 6, 4, 2:
somnus,
Sen. Troad. 441:
nec gratius quicquam decore nec brevius,
nothing is more acceptable, but nothing more perishable, fading, than beauty, Suet. Dom. 18:
domus,
Sen. Hippol. 762:
fortuna,
Sil. 4, 734.—
2.
Esp.
a.
Comp. brevius, with subj. clause, shorter, i.e. easier, more convenient:
brevius visum urbana crimina incipi, quorum obvii testes erant,
Tac. A. 13, 43: modo ne existimes brevius esse ab urbe mitti, Trag. ap. Plin. Ep. 10, 40 (49), 3.—
b.
In brevi spatio, brevi spatio, in brevi tempore, brevi tempore, and absol. brevi or in brevi, in a short time, shortly (before or after) (brevi tempore and brevi are class.; the latter, as in Gr. en brachei, to be considered as neuter, without supplying tempore):
inque brevi spatio mutantur saecla animantum,
Lucr. 2, 77; so Ter. Heaut. 5, 2, 2; Suet. Claud. 12; id. Ner. 30; cf.:
in multo breviore temporis spatio,
id. Aug. 22:
multa brevi spatio simulacra geruntur,
Lucr. 4, 160; Sall. J. 87, 3:
spatio brevi,
Hor. C. 1, 11, 6:
res publica per vos brevi tempore jus suum recuperabit,
Cic. Fam. 12, 2, 3; 5, 21, 2; id. Tusc. 2, 2, 5; Caes. B. G. 1, 40, 11; Nep. Milt. 2, 1; id. Them. 1, 4; Suet. Caes. 3:
sic ille affectus, brevi postea est mortuus,
soon after, Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 54, § 142 (Zumpt;
acc. to MSS. perbrevi).—So brevi post = paulo post: brevi post Marcellus Romam venit,
Liv. 33, 37, 9; 24, 3, 14:
brevi deinde,
id. 24, 4, 9: (Britanni) tantum usu cotidiano et exercitatione efficiunt, uti in declivi ac praecipiti loco incitatos equos sustinere et brevi ( in a short time, i.e. with great rapidity) moderari ac flectere consuerint, Caes. B. G. 4, 33 fin. Herz. and Held.:
fama tanti facinoris per omnem Africam brevi divolgatur,
Sall. J. 13, 1; Nep. Them. 4, 4:
mirantur tam brevi rem Romanam crevisse,
Liv. 1, 9, 9:
brevi omnia subegit,
Suet. Caes. 34; so id. Aug. 17; 65; id. Vesp. 5; id. Gram. 3; Gell. 1, 15, 18: scire in brevi, Afran. ap. Charis. p. 186 P.; Flor. 1, 1, 15.—
c.
Brevi, a short time, a little while: [p. 251] cunctatusque brevi, contortam viribus hastam in Persea misit, Ov. M. 5, 32; cf.:
illa brevi spatio silet,
id. ib. 7, 307; so,
* breve,
Cat. 61, 187.—
d.
Ad breve, for a short time, Suet. Tib. 68; cf.:
ad breve quoddam tempus,
Cic. Cat. 1, 13, 31.—
B.
Transf. to things done or taking place in a short time; so most freq.
1.
Of discourse, short, brief, concise (most freq. in Cic. and Quint.):
narratio,
Cic. Inv. 1, 20, 28; id. de Or. 3, 50, 196: laudatio;
comprehensio et ambitus ille verborum erat apud illum contractus et brevis,
id. Brut. 44, 162; cf. id. de Or. 2, 80, 326:
nunc venio ad illa tua brevia: et primum illud, quo nihil potest esse brevius: bonum omne laudabile, etc.,
id. Fin. 4, 18, 48:
quam falsa re! quam brevia responsu!
id. Clu. 59, 164: urbanitas est virtus quaedam in breve dictum coacta, Dom. Mars. ap. Quint. 6, 3, 104:
Homerus brevem eloquentiam Menelao dedit,
Quint. 12, 10, 64 (brevis = ou polumuthos, Hom. Il. 3, 214):
breviores commentarii,
Quint. 3, 8, 58:
annotatio,
id. 10, 7, 31:
brevia illa atque concisa,
id. 10, 7, 10; so,
sententiae,
id. 10, 1, 60:
causae,
id. 6, 1, 8:
docendi compendia,
id. 1, 1, 24:
comprehensiones,
id. 12, 2, 19:
quod ut brevissimo pateat exemplo,
id. 3, 6, 10: commendatio, requiring few words, i.e. moderate, Plin. 11, 42, 97, § 240.— Meton. of a speaker or orator, brief:
multos imitatio brevitatis decipit, ut cum se breves putent esse, longissimi sint,
Cic. Inv. 1, 20, 38:
brevior in scribendo,
id. Att. 5, 6, 2:
brevis esse laboro, Obscurus fio,
Hor. A. P. 25:
in eloquendo brevis,
Quint. 10, 1, 63:
densus et brevis et semper instans sibi Thucydides,
id. 10, 1, 73.—Hence, brĕvī, adv., briefly, in few words (freq. and class.):
brevi pro breviter M. Tullius de Orat. ad Quintum fratrem (1, 8, 34): ac ne plura quidem quae sunt innumerabilia consecter, comprehendam brevi,
Charis. p. 176 P.:
id percurram brevi,
Cic. Caecin. 32, 94:
aliquid explicare,
id. Planc. 40, 95 Wund.:
circumscribere et definire,
id. Sest. 45, 97; so id. ib. 5, 12 Orell. N. cr.; id. Fin. 1, 17, 55:
complecti,
id. de Or. 1, 42, 190:
exponere,
id. ib. 1, 46, 203:
reprehendere,
id. Inv. 1, 9, 12:
reddere,
id. Leg. 2, 14, 34:
respondere,
id. Fam. 3, 8, 1:
perscribere,
id. ib. 4, 5, 1; so Auct. Her. 4, 26, 35; 35, 47 al.; cf.:
in brevi,
Quint. 9, 4, 32.—So once in epistolary style: breve facere, to be short or brief:
quid scribam? breve faciam,
Cic. Att. 11, 7, 6; cf.:
longum est ea dicere, sed hoc breve dicam,
id. Sest. 5, 12.—Once, in breve cogere (diff. from I. A.), to comprise in few words, bring into a small compass:
in breve coactae causae,
Liv. 39, 47, 5; cf.:
in breve coactio causae,
Gai. Inst. 4, 15.— In late Lat. subst.: brĕvis, is, m. (sc. liber—acc. to another reading, brĕve, is, n.), a short catalogue, summary, = breviarium:
brevis nominum,
Vop. Aur. 36; so id. Bonos. 15; Lampr. Alex. Sev. 21; Hier. Ep. 5, n. 2 al.—
2.
Of a short syllable;
rarely as adj.: Syllaba longa brevi subjecta vocatur iambus,
Hor. A. P. 251:
a brevis, gre brevis, faciet tamen longam priorem,
Quint. 9, 4, 86 et saep.—More freq. subst.: brĕvis, is, f. (sc. syllaba):
dactylus, qui est e longā et duabus brevibus,
Cic. Or. 64, 217 sq.:
in fine pro longā accipi brevem,
Quint. 9, 4, 93; 9, 4, 86:
plurimum habent celeritatis breves,
id. 9, 4, 91.—
Hence also once of a syllable long by position, but pronounced short: indoctus dicimus brevi primā litterā, insanus productā: inhumanus brevi, infelix longā,
Cic. Or. 48, 159 Meyer N. cr.; cf. Gell. 2, 17 sqq., and Schütz Lex. Cic. s. v. brevis.—
C.
For parvus, exiguus, little, small:
exigua pars brevisque,
Lucr. 5, 591:
Canidia brevibus implicata viperis,
Hor. Epod. 5, 15:
Alecto brevibus torquata colubris,
Ov. H. 2, 119:
brevi latere ac pede longo est,
Hor. S. 1, 2, 93; cf.
just before: breve quod caput, ardua cervix, v. 89, and brevis alvus,
Verg. G. 3, 80 (on the other hand, Nemes. 244:
parvae alvi): mus,
Ov. F. 2, 574:
forma (sc. pueri in stellionem mutati),
id. M. 5, 457.—
So, lapathi herba,
Hor. S. 2, 4, 29 (brevis = parva, non excrescens in altum, Schol. Cruqu.):
folia breviora,
id. Ep. 1, 19, 26 (minor corona, Schol. Cruqu.):
census,
id. C. 2, 15, 13:
pondus,
id. S. 2, 2, 37:
impensa,
Ov. H. 7, 188 Ruhnk.:
sigillum,
id. M. 6, 86:
insulae,
Pall. 1, 28, 1; cf. Juv. 1, 73: vasculum, Pall. Apr. 8, 4:
offulae,
id. 1, 29, 4:
pantheris in candido breves macularum oculi,
Plin. 8, 17, 23, § 62.—With nom. abstr.:
breve in exiguo marmore nomen ero,
Prop. 2, 1, 72; Sen. Oedip. 935.—So, pondus, Hor. S. 2, 2, 37 al.—Hence, brĕ-vĭter, adv., shortly, briefly, etc.
1.
Of space (acc. to I.) (rare): seu libeat, curvo brevius convertere gyro, shorter, i. e. in a smaller circle, Tib. 4, 1, 94:
parvo brevius quam totus,
a little less than the whole, Plin. 2, 67, 67, § 168:
Sarmatae, omisso arcu, quo brevius valent, contis gladiisque ruerent,
Tac. A. 6, 35.—Far more freq. in prose and poetry,
2.
(Acc. to II. A. b. and c.) Of time, in a short time.
a.
In gen.:
iratum breviter vites, inimicum diu, Publ. Syr. v. 249 Rib.: sapiens, cum breviter et strictim colore atque vultu motus est,
Gell. 19, 1, 20.—
b.
Esp.
(α).
In expression, briefly, in brief, in few words, concisely, summarily:
sed breviter paucis praestat comprendere multa,
Lucr. 6, 1082: multa breviter et commode dicta (sc. apophthegmata; cf. Cic. Off. 1, 29, 104) memoriae mandabam, Cic. Lael. 1, 1:
rem totam breviter cognoscite,
id. Verr. 2, 2, 69, § 169; 2, 3, 27, § 67; so id. de Or. 2, 83, 340:
summatim breviterque describere,
id. Or. 15, 50:
breviter tangere,
id. Off. 3, 2, 8 Beier N. cr.:
breviter et modice disserere,
Sall. J. 111, 1:
adicere aliquid,
Quint. 9, 3, 100; cf. also Verg. A. 2, 11; 4, 632; 6, 321; Ov. M. 2, 783:
omnia soli Forsan Pacuvio breviter dabit (i.e. paucis testamenti verbis, quibus heres ex asse scribetur),
Juv. 12, 125 Web. (cf. id. 1, 68: beatum exiguis tabulis).— Comp., Cic. Fin. 4, 10, 26; Quint. 8, prooem. § 1; 8, 6, 61; 9, 2, 16; 10, 1, 49; 11, 1, 5 al.— Sup., Cic. N. D. 2, 1, 3; id. Div. 1, 32, 70; Quint. 1, 10, 1; 4, 2, 113 al.—
(β).
Of syllables:
quibus in verbis eae primae litterae sunt quae in sapiente atque felice, producte dicitur, in ceteris omnibus breviter,
Cic. Or. 48, 159.

Lewis & Short latin dictionary > breve
13 brevi

brĕvis, e, adj. (abl. breve, Varr. R. R. 2, 3, 2; comp. abl. breviore, Ov. Am. 2, 17, 22) [cf. brachus, Fest. p. 26], short, little, of small extent, in space and time (opp. longus; in space, in good class. prose, diff. from parvus, which designates that which fills a small space in length, breadth, and thickness; while brevis is used only of length in its different directions of breadth, height, or depth; and even of a circle, as merely a line, and without reference to the space enclosed, v. infra. In poets and postAug. prose brevis sometimes = parvus).
I.
Lit., in space.
A.
In distance, extent, short, little, small, narrow (opp. latus), Cic. Ac. 2, 29, 92:
brevior via,
Nep. Eum. 8, 5; Tib. 1, 10, 4:
via brevis,
Verg. E. 9, 23; Ov. M. 5, 253; Juv. 14, 223:
cursus brevissimus,
Verg. A. 3, 507:
brevius iter,
Ov. P. 1, 4, 32:
cursu brevissimus Almo,
id. M. 14, 329:
quid mihi, quod lato non separor aequore, prodest? Num minus haec nobis tam brevis obstat aqua?
so narrow a stream, id. H. 18, 174; cf.
also brevis unda, opp. latum mare,
id. ib. 19, 141 and 142:
non Asiam brevioris aquae disterminat usquam fluctus ab Europā,
Luc. 9, 957 (strictioris, Schol.); cf. id. 9, 317:
brevissima terra,
Plin. Ep. 10, 69, 2:
in Euboico scopulus brevis emicat altō Gurgite,
a small, narrow rock, Ov. M. 9, 226:
brevibus Gyaris,
Juv. 1, 73:
scis In breve te cogi (sc. libellum),
that you are closely rolled together, Hor. Ep. 1, 20, 8:
quo brevius valent,
the nearer, the more powerful are they in conflict, Tac. A. 6, 35.—
2.
Trop. of the journey of life:
quid est, quod in hoc tam exiguo vitae curriculo et tam brevi tantis nos in laboribus exerceamus?
Cic. Arch. 11, 28; cf.:
vitae brevis cursus, gloriae sempiternus,
id. Sest. 21, 47:
tum brevior dirae mortis aperta via est,
Tib. 1, 10, 4.—And poet. of the thread of life:
fila vitae breviora,
Ov. Tr. 5, 10, 46. —
B.
In height, short, small, low (opp. altus and sometimes longus);
of the human figure: sed sedebat judex L. Aurifex, brevior ipse quam testis,
Cic. de Or. 2, 60, 245:
ut statura breves in digitos eriguntur,
Quint. 2, 3, 8:
forma,
Ov. M. 5, 457:
(puella) longa brevisque,
id. Am. 2, 4, 36:
brevis corpore,
Suet. Galb. 3;
id. Vit. Hor.—Of a maiden changed to a boy: et incomptis brevior mensura capillis,
Ov. M. 9, 789.—
Of other things: ut pleraque Alpium ab Italiā sicut breviora, ita arrectiora sunt,
lower, Liv. 21, 35, 11:
brevior ilex,
Sen. Herc. Oet. 1641:
mus,
little, Ov. F. 2, 574. —
C.
In depth, small, little, shallow (opp. profundus):
puteus,
Juv. 3, 226:
vada,
Verg. A. 5, 221; Sen. Agam. 570.—Hence, subst.: brĕvia, ium, n., as in Gr. ta brachea, shallow places, shallows, shoals:
tris Eurus ab alto In brevia et syrtis urget,
Verg. A. 1, 111 (brevia vadosa dicit, per quae vadi pedibus potest, Serv.); Luc. 9, 338: neque discerni poterant incerta ab solidis, brevia a profundis, Tac. A. 1, 70:
brevia litorum,
id. ib. 6, 33 fin. —Perh. also in sing.:
breve,
Tac. A. 14, 29 Draeg. ad loc. (Ritter, brevia; al. breve litus).—
2.
Trop.:
brevia, in quibus volutatur, incerta, ancipitia,
difficulties, Sen. Ep. 22, 7.—
D.
Of the line of a circle:
ubi circulus (i.e. arcticus) axem Ultimus extremum spatioque brevissimus ambit,
makes the shortest path, Ov. M. 2, 517; cf.
of similar orbits, of stars: absides breviores,
Plin. 2. 15, 13, §
63.—Of the circular course of a horse on the track: discit gyro breviore flecti,
Sen. Hippol. 314. —
II.
Transf., of time.
A.
Lit. (the usu. signif. of the word), short, brief, small, little.
1.
In gen.:
quanto, nox, fuisti longior hac proxumā, Tanto brevior dies ut fiat faciam,
Plaut. Am. 1, 3, 51:
breve spatium'st perferundi quae minitas mihi,
id. Capt. 3, 5, 85:
brevis hora,
Lucr. 4, 179; so Ov. M. 4, 696: Pa. Brevin' an longinquo sermone? Mi. Tribus verbis, Plaut. Mil. 4, 2, 30:
occasio,
Ter. Eun. 3, 5, 57; Phaedr. 5, 8, 5:
brevis hic est fructus homulleis,
short is this enjoyment for little men, Lucr. 3, 927; cf.:
MORS. PERFECIT. TVA. VT. TIBE. ESSENT. OMNIA. BREVIA. HONOS. FAMA. VIRTVSQVE. GLORIA. ATQVE. INGENIVM.,
Inscr. Orell. 558:
omnia brevia tolerabilia esse debent,
Cic. Lael. 27, 104; id. Fin. 1, 12, 40; 2, 29, 94; id. Tusc. 1, 39, 94; Sen. Ira, 3, 43, 5:
quoniam vita brevis est, memoriam nostri quam maxime longam efficere,
Sall. C. 1, 3; so,
vitae summa brevis spem nos vetat incohare longam,
Hor. C. 1, 4, 15; cf. id. ib. 1, 11, 6:
aut omnia breviora aliquanto fuere, aut Saguntum principio anni captum,
occupied a shorter time, Liv. 21, 15, 5:
brevissimum tempus,
id. 5, 6, 7:
detrimentum,
Quint. 11, 1, 10:
arbitrium mortis,
Tac. A. 15, 60:
breves populi Romani amores,
id. ib. 2, 41:
tempus,
Suet. Ner. 20 al.:
nobis quom semel occidit brevis lux, nox est perpetua una dormienda,
Cat. 5, 5:
fructus,
Lucr. 3, 914:
aevum,
Hor. C. 2, 16, 17; id. S. 2, 6, 97; id. Ep. 2, 1, 144; Plin. Pan. 78, 2:
anni,
Hor. C. 4, 13, 22:
ver,
Ov. M. 1, 118; 10, 85:
flores rosae,
quickly withering, short-lived, Hor. C. 2, 3, 13:
lilium,
id. ib. 1, 36, 16:
cena,
frugal, id. Ep. 1, 14, 35:
mensa,
id. A. P. 198:
dominus,
living but a short time, id. C. 2, 14, 24:
stultitia,
id. ib. 4, 12, 27:
ira furor brevis est,
id. Ep. 1, 2, 62:
actio brevis atque concisa,
Quint. 6, 4, 2:
somnus,
Sen. Troad. 441:
nec gratius quicquam decore nec brevius,
nothing is more acceptable, but nothing more perishable, fading, than beauty, Suet. Dom. 18:
domus,
Sen. Hippol. 762:
fortuna,
Sil. 4, 734.—
2.
Esp.
a.
Comp. brevius, with subj. clause, shorter, i.e. easier, more convenient:
brevius visum urbana crimina incipi, quorum obvii testes erant,
Tac. A. 13, 43: modo ne existimes brevius esse ab urbe mitti, Trag. ap. Plin. Ep. 10, 40 (49), 3.—
b.
In brevi spatio, brevi spatio, in brevi tempore, brevi tempore, and absol. brevi or in brevi, in a short time, shortly (before or after) (brevi tempore and brevi are class.; the latter, as in Gr. en brachei, to be considered as neuter, without supplying tempore):
inque brevi spatio mutantur saecla animantum,
Lucr. 2, 77; so Ter. Heaut. 5, 2, 2; Suet. Claud. 12; id. Ner. 30; cf.:
in multo breviore temporis spatio,
id. Aug. 22:
multa brevi spatio simulacra geruntur,
Lucr. 4, 160; Sall. J. 87, 3:
spatio brevi,
Hor. C. 1, 11, 6:
res publica per vos brevi tempore jus suum recuperabit,
Cic. Fam. 12, 2, 3; 5, 21, 2; id. Tusc. 2, 2, 5; Caes. B. G. 1, 40, 11; Nep. Milt. 2, 1; id. Them. 1, 4; Suet. Caes. 3:
sic ille affectus, brevi postea est mortuus,
soon after, Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 54, § 142 (Zumpt;
acc. to MSS. perbrevi).—So brevi post = paulo post: brevi post Marcellus Romam venit,
Liv. 33, 37, 9; 24, 3, 14:
brevi deinde,
id. 24, 4, 9: (Britanni) tantum usu cotidiano et exercitatione efficiunt, uti in declivi ac praecipiti loco incitatos equos sustinere et brevi ( in a short time, i.e. with great rapidity) moderari ac flectere consuerint, Caes. B. G. 4, 33 fin. Herz. and Held.:
fama tanti facinoris per omnem Africam brevi divolgatur,
Sall. J. 13, 1; Nep. Them. 4, 4:
mirantur tam brevi rem Romanam crevisse,
Liv. 1, 9, 9:
brevi omnia subegit,
Suet. Caes. 34; so id. Aug. 17; 65; id. Vesp. 5; id. Gram. 3; Gell. 1, 15, 18: scire in brevi, Afran. ap. Charis. p. 186 P.; Flor. 1, 1, 15.—
c.
Brevi, a short time, a little while: [p. 251] cunctatusque brevi, contortam viribus hastam in Persea misit, Ov. M. 5, 32; cf.:
illa brevi spatio silet,
id. ib. 7, 307; so,
* breve,
Cat. 61, 187.—
d.
Ad breve, for a short time, Suet. Tib. 68; cf.:
ad breve quoddam tempus,
Cic. Cat. 1, 13, 31.—
B.
Transf. to things done or taking place in a short time; so most freq.
1.
Of discourse, short, brief, concise (most freq. in Cic. and Quint.):
narratio,
Cic. Inv. 1, 20, 28; id. de Or. 3, 50, 196: laudatio;
comprehensio et ambitus ille verborum erat apud illum contractus et brevis,
id. Brut. 44, 162; cf. id. de Or. 2, 80, 326:
nunc venio ad illa tua brevia: et primum illud, quo nihil potest esse brevius: bonum omne laudabile, etc.,
id. Fin. 4, 18, 48:
quam falsa re! quam brevia responsu!
id. Clu. 59, 164: urbanitas est virtus quaedam in breve dictum coacta, Dom. Mars. ap. Quint. 6, 3, 104:
Homerus brevem eloquentiam Menelao dedit,
Quint. 12, 10, 64 (brevis = ou polumuthos, Hom. Il. 3, 214):
breviores commentarii,
Quint. 3, 8, 58:
annotatio,
id. 10, 7, 31:
brevia illa atque concisa,
id. 10, 7, 10; so,
sententiae,
id. 10, 1, 60:
causae,
id. 6, 1, 8:
docendi compendia,
id. 1, 1, 24:
comprehensiones,
id. 12, 2, 19:
quod ut brevissimo pateat exemplo,
id. 3, 6, 10: commendatio, requiring few words, i.e. moderate, Plin. 11, 42, 97, § 240.— Meton. of a speaker or orator, brief:
multos imitatio brevitatis decipit, ut cum se breves putent esse, longissimi sint,
Cic. Inv. 1, 20, 38:
brevior in scribendo,
id. Att. 5, 6, 2:
brevis esse laboro, Obscurus fio,
Hor. A. P. 25:
in eloquendo brevis,
Quint. 10, 1, 63:
densus et brevis et semper instans sibi Thucydides,
id. 10, 1, 73.—Hence, brĕvī, adv., briefly, in few words (freq. and class.):
brevi pro breviter M. Tullius de Orat. ad Quintum fratrem (1, 8, 34): ac ne plura quidem quae sunt innumerabilia consecter, comprehendam brevi,
Charis. p. 176 P.:
id percurram brevi,
Cic. Caecin. 32, 94:
aliquid explicare,
id. Planc. 40, 95 Wund.:
circumscribere et definire,
id. Sest. 45, 97; so id. ib. 5, 12 Orell. N. cr.; id. Fin. 1, 17, 55:
complecti,
id. de Or. 1, 42, 190:
exponere,
id. ib. 1, 46, 203:
reprehendere,
id. Inv. 1, 9, 12:
reddere,
id. Leg. 2, 14, 34:
respondere,
id. Fam. 3, 8, 1:
perscribere,
id. ib. 4, 5, 1; so Auct. Her. 4, 26, 35; 35, 47 al.; cf.:
in brevi,
Quint. 9, 4, 32.—So once in epistolary style: breve facere, to be short or brief:
quid scribam? breve faciam,
Cic. Att. 11, 7, 6; cf.:
longum est ea dicere, sed hoc breve dicam,
id. Sest. 5, 12.—Once, in breve cogere (diff. from I. A.), to comprise in few words, bring into a small compass:
in breve coactae causae,
Liv. 39, 47, 5; cf.:
in breve coactio causae,
Gai. Inst. 4, 15.— In late Lat. subst.: brĕvis, is, m. (sc. liber—acc. to another reading, brĕve, is, n.), a short catalogue, summary, = breviarium:
brevis nominum,
Vop. Aur. 36; so id. Bonos. 15; Lampr. Alex. Sev. 21; Hier. Ep. 5, n. 2 al.—
2.
Of a short syllable;
rarely as adj.: Syllaba longa brevi subjecta vocatur iambus,
Hor. A. P. 251:
a brevis, gre brevis, faciet tamen longam priorem,
Quint. 9, 4, 86 et saep.—More freq. subst.: brĕvis, is, f. (sc. syllaba):
dactylus, qui est e longā et duabus brevibus,
Cic. Or. 64, 217 sq.:
in fine pro longā accipi brevem,
Quint. 9, 4, 93; 9, 4, 86:
plurimum habent celeritatis breves,
id. 9, 4, 91.—
Hence also once of a syllable long by position, but pronounced short: indoctus dicimus brevi primā litterā, insanus productā: inhumanus brevi, infelix longā,
Cic. Or. 48, 159 Meyer N. cr.; cf. Gell. 2, 17 sqq., and Schütz Lex. Cic. s. v. brevis.—
C.
For parvus, exiguus, little, small:
exigua pars brevisque,
Lucr. 5, 591:
Canidia brevibus implicata viperis,
Hor. Epod. 5, 15:
Alecto brevibus torquata colubris,
Ov. H. 2, 119:
brevi latere ac pede longo est,
Hor. S. 1, 2, 93; cf.
just before: breve quod caput, ardua cervix, v. 89, and brevis alvus,
Verg. G. 3, 80 (on the other hand, Nemes. 244:
parvae alvi): mus,
Ov. F. 2, 574:
forma (sc. pueri in stellionem mutati),
id. M. 5, 457.—
So, lapathi herba,
Hor. S. 2, 4, 29 (brevis = parva, non excrescens in altum, Schol. Cruqu.):
folia breviora,
id. Ep. 1, 19, 26 (minor corona, Schol. Cruqu.):
census,
id. C. 2, 15, 13:
pondus,
id. S. 2, 2, 37:
impensa,
Ov. H. 7, 188 Ruhnk.:
sigillum,
id. M. 6, 86:
insulae,
Pall. 1, 28, 1; cf. Juv. 1, 73: vasculum, Pall. Apr. 8, 4:
offulae,
id. 1, 29, 4:
pantheris in candido breves macularum oculi,
Plin. 8, 17, 23, § 62.—With nom. abstr.:
breve in exiguo marmore nomen ero,
Prop. 2, 1, 72; Sen. Oedip. 935.—So, pondus, Hor. S. 2, 2, 37 al.—Hence, brĕ-vĭter, adv., shortly, briefly, etc.
1.
Of space (acc. to I.) (rare): seu libeat, curvo brevius convertere gyro, shorter, i. e. in a smaller circle, Tib. 4, 1, 94:
parvo brevius quam totus,
a little less than the whole, Plin. 2, 67, 67, § 168:
Sarmatae, omisso arcu, quo brevius valent, contis gladiisque ruerent,
Tac. A. 6, 35.—Far more freq. in prose and poetry,
2.
(Acc. to II. A. b. and c.) Of time, in a short time.
a.
In gen.:
iratum breviter vites, inimicum diu, Publ. Syr. v. 249 Rib.: sapiens, cum breviter et strictim colore atque vultu motus est,
Gell. 19, 1, 20.—
b.
Esp.
(α).
In expression, briefly, in brief, in few words, concisely, summarily:
sed breviter paucis praestat comprendere multa,
Lucr. 6, 1082: multa breviter et commode dicta (sc. apophthegmata; cf. Cic. Off. 1, 29, 104) memoriae mandabam, Cic. Lael. 1, 1:
rem totam breviter cognoscite,
id. Verr. 2, 2, 69, § 169; 2, 3, 27, § 67; so id. de Or. 2, 83, 340:
summatim breviterque describere,
id. Or. 15, 50:
breviter tangere,
id. Off. 3, 2, 8 Beier N. cr.:
breviter et modice disserere,
Sall. J. 111, 1:
adicere aliquid,
Quint. 9, 3, 100; cf. also Verg. A. 2, 11; 4, 632; 6, 321; Ov. M. 2, 783:
omnia soli Forsan Pacuvio breviter dabit (i.e. paucis testamenti verbis, quibus heres ex asse scribetur),
Juv. 12, 125 Web. (cf. id. 1, 68: beatum exiguis tabulis).— Comp., Cic. Fin. 4, 10, 26; Quint. 8, prooem. § 1; 8, 6, 61; 9, 2, 16; 10, 1, 49; 11, 1, 5 al.— Sup., Cic. N. D. 2, 1, 3; id. Div. 1, 32, 70; Quint. 1, 10, 1; 4, 2, 113 al.—
(β).
Of syllables:
quibus in verbis eae primae litterae sunt quae in sapiente atque felice, producte dicitur, in ceteris omnibus breviter,
Cic. Or. 48, 159.

Lewis & Short latin dictionary > brevi
14 brevia

brĕvis, e, adj. (abl. breve, Varr. R. R. 2, 3, 2; comp. abl. breviore, Ov. Am. 2, 17, 22) [cf. brachus, Fest. p. 26], short, little, of small extent, in space and time (opp. longus; in space, in good class. prose, diff. from parvus, which designates that which fills a small space in length, breadth, and thickness; while brevis is used only of length in its different directions of breadth, height, or depth; and even of a circle, as merely a line, and without reference to the space enclosed, v. infra. In poets and postAug. prose brevis sometimes = parvus).
I.
Lit., in space.
A.
In distance, extent, short, little, small, narrow (opp. latus), Cic. Ac. 2, 29, 92:
brevior via,
Nep. Eum. 8, 5; Tib. 1, 10, 4:
via brevis,
Verg. E. 9, 23; Ov. M. 5, 253; Juv. 14, 223:
cursus brevissimus,
Verg. A. 3, 507:
brevius iter,
Ov. P. 1, 4, 32:
cursu brevissimus Almo,
id. M. 14, 329:
quid mihi, quod lato non separor aequore, prodest? Num minus haec nobis tam brevis obstat aqua?
so narrow a stream, id. H. 18, 174; cf.
also brevis unda, opp. latum mare,
id. ib. 19, 141 and 142:
non Asiam brevioris aquae disterminat usquam fluctus ab Europā,
Luc. 9, 957 (strictioris, Schol.); cf. id. 9, 317:
brevissima terra,
Plin. Ep. 10, 69, 2:
in Euboico scopulus brevis emicat altō Gurgite,
a small, narrow rock, Ov. M. 9, 226:
brevibus Gyaris,
Juv. 1, 73:
scis In breve te cogi (sc. libellum),
that you are closely rolled together, Hor. Ep. 1, 20, 8:
quo brevius valent,
the nearer, the more powerful are they in conflict, Tac. A. 6, 35.—
2.
Trop. of the journey of life:
quid est, quod in hoc tam exiguo vitae curriculo et tam brevi tantis nos in laboribus exerceamus?
Cic. Arch. 11, 28; cf.:
vitae brevis cursus, gloriae sempiternus,
id. Sest. 21, 47:
tum brevior dirae mortis aperta via est,
Tib. 1, 10, 4.—And poet. of the thread of life:
fila vitae breviora,
Ov. Tr. 5, 10, 46. —
B.
In height, short, small, low (opp. altus and sometimes longus);
of the human figure: sed sedebat judex L. Aurifex, brevior ipse quam testis,
Cic. de Or. 2, 60, 245:
ut statura breves in digitos eriguntur,
Quint. 2, 3, 8:
forma,
Ov. M. 5, 457:
(puella) longa brevisque,
id. Am. 2, 4, 36:
brevis corpore,
Suet. Galb. 3;
id. Vit. Hor.—Of a maiden changed to a boy: et incomptis brevior mensura capillis,
Ov. M. 9, 789.—
Of other things: ut pleraque Alpium ab Italiā sicut breviora, ita arrectiora sunt,
lower, Liv. 21, 35, 11:
brevior ilex,
Sen. Herc. Oet. 1641:
mus,
little, Ov. F. 2, 574. —
C.
In depth, small, little, shallow (opp. profundus):
puteus,
Juv. 3, 226:
vada,
Verg. A. 5, 221; Sen. Agam. 570.—Hence, subst.: brĕvia, ium, n., as in Gr. ta brachea, shallow places, shallows, shoals:
tris Eurus ab alto In brevia et syrtis urget,
Verg. A. 1, 111 (brevia vadosa dicit, per quae vadi pedibus potest, Serv.); Luc. 9, 338: neque discerni poterant incerta ab solidis, brevia a profundis, Tac. A. 1, 70:
brevia litorum,
id. ib. 6, 33 fin. —Perh. also in sing.:
breve,
Tac. A. 14, 29 Draeg. ad loc. (Ritter, brevia; al. breve litus).—
2.
Trop.:
brevia, in quibus volutatur, incerta, ancipitia,
difficulties, Sen. Ep. 22, 7.—
D.
Of the line of a circle:
ubi circulus (i.e. arcticus) axem Ultimus extremum spatioque brevissimus ambit,
makes the shortest path, Ov. M. 2, 517; cf.
of similar orbits, of stars: absides breviores,
Plin. 2. 15, 13, §
63.—Of the circular course of a horse on the track: discit gyro breviore flecti,
Sen. Hippol. 314. —
II.
Transf., of time.
A.
Lit. (the usu. signif. of the word), short, brief, small, little.
1.
In gen.:
quanto, nox, fuisti longior hac proxumā, Tanto brevior dies ut fiat faciam,
Plaut. Am. 1, 3, 51:
breve spatium'st perferundi quae minitas mihi,
id. Capt. 3, 5, 85:
brevis hora,
Lucr. 4, 179; so Ov. M. 4, 696: Pa. Brevin' an longinquo sermone? Mi. Tribus verbis, Plaut. Mil. 4, 2, 30:
occasio,
Ter. Eun. 3, 5, 57; Phaedr. 5, 8, 5:
brevis hic est fructus homulleis,
short is this enjoyment for little men, Lucr. 3, 927; cf.:
MORS. PERFECIT. TVA. VT. TIBE. ESSENT. OMNIA. BREVIA. HONOS. FAMA. VIRTVSQVE. GLORIA. ATQVE. INGENIVM.,
Inscr. Orell. 558:
omnia brevia tolerabilia esse debent,
Cic. Lael. 27, 104; id. Fin. 1, 12, 40; 2, 29, 94; id. Tusc. 1, 39, 94; Sen. Ira, 3, 43, 5:
quoniam vita brevis est, memoriam nostri quam maxime longam efficere,
Sall. C. 1, 3; so,
vitae summa brevis spem nos vetat incohare longam,
Hor. C. 1, 4, 15; cf. id. ib. 1, 11, 6:
aut omnia breviora aliquanto fuere, aut Saguntum principio anni captum,
occupied a shorter time, Liv. 21, 15, 5:
brevissimum tempus,
id. 5, 6, 7:
detrimentum,
Quint. 11, 1, 10:
arbitrium mortis,
Tac. A. 15, 60:
breves populi Romani amores,
id. ib. 2, 41:
tempus,
Suet. Ner. 20 al.:
nobis quom semel occidit brevis lux, nox est perpetua una dormienda,
Cat. 5, 5:
fructus,
Lucr. 3, 914:
aevum,
Hor. C. 2, 16, 17; id. S. 2, 6, 97; id. Ep. 2, 1, 144; Plin. Pan. 78, 2:
anni,
Hor. C. 4, 13, 22:
ver,
Ov. M. 1, 118; 10, 85:
flores rosae,
quickly withering, short-lived, Hor. C. 2, 3, 13:
lilium,
id. ib. 1, 36, 16:
cena,
frugal, id. Ep. 1, 14, 35:
mensa,
id. A. P. 198:
dominus,
living but a short time, id. C. 2, 14, 24:
stultitia,
id. ib. 4, 12, 27:
ira furor brevis est,
id. Ep. 1, 2, 62:
actio brevis atque concisa,
Quint. 6, 4, 2:
somnus,
Sen. Troad. 441:
nec gratius quicquam decore nec brevius,
nothing is more acceptable, but nothing more perishable, fading, than beauty, Suet. Dom. 18:
domus,
Sen. Hippol. 762:
fortuna,
Sil. 4, 734.—
2.
Esp.
a.
Comp. brevius, with subj. clause, shorter, i.e. easier, more convenient:
brevius visum urbana crimina incipi, quorum obvii testes erant,
Tac. A. 13, 43: modo ne existimes brevius esse ab urbe mitti, Trag. ap. Plin. Ep. 10, 40 (49), 3.—
b.
In brevi spatio, brevi spatio, in brevi tempore, brevi tempore, and absol. brevi or in brevi, in a short time, shortly (before or after) (brevi tempore and brevi are class.; the latter, as in Gr. en brachei, to be considered as neuter, without supplying tempore):
inque brevi spatio mutantur saecla animantum,
Lucr. 2, 77; so Ter. Heaut. 5, 2, 2; Suet. Claud. 12; id. Ner. 30; cf.:
in multo breviore temporis spatio,
id. Aug. 22:
multa brevi spatio simulacra geruntur,
Lucr. 4, 160; Sall. J. 87, 3:
spatio brevi,
Hor. C. 1, 11, 6:
res publica per vos brevi tempore jus suum recuperabit,
Cic. Fam. 12, 2, 3; 5, 21, 2; id. Tusc. 2, 2, 5; Caes. B. G. 1, 40, 11; Nep. Milt. 2, 1; id. Them. 1, 4; Suet. Caes. 3:
sic ille affectus, brevi postea est mortuus,
soon after, Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 54, § 142 (Zumpt;
acc. to MSS. perbrevi).—So brevi post = paulo post: brevi post Marcellus Romam venit,
Liv. 33, 37, 9; 24, 3, 14:
brevi deinde,
id. 24, 4, 9: (Britanni) tantum usu cotidiano et exercitatione efficiunt, uti in declivi ac praecipiti loco incitatos equos sustinere et brevi ( in a short time, i.e. with great rapidity) moderari ac flectere consuerint, Caes. B. G. 4, 33 fin. Herz. and Held.:
fama tanti facinoris per omnem Africam brevi divolgatur,
Sall. J. 13, 1; Nep. Them. 4, 4:
mirantur tam brevi rem Romanam crevisse,
Liv. 1, 9, 9:
brevi omnia subegit,
Suet. Caes. 34; so id. Aug. 17; 65; id. Vesp. 5; id. Gram. 3; Gell. 1, 15, 18: scire in brevi, Afran. ap. Charis. p. 186 P.; Flor. 1, 1, 15.—
c.
Brevi, a short time, a little while: [p. 251] cunctatusque brevi, contortam viribus hastam in Persea misit, Ov. M. 5, 32; cf.:
illa brevi spatio silet,
id. ib. 7, 307; so,
* breve,
Cat. 61, 187.—
d.
Ad breve, for a short time, Suet. Tib. 68; cf.:
ad breve quoddam tempus,
Cic. Cat. 1, 13, 31.—
B.
Transf. to things done or taking place in a short time; so most freq.
1.
Of discourse, short, brief, concise (most freq. in Cic. and Quint.):
narratio,
Cic. Inv. 1, 20, 28; id. de Or. 3, 50, 196: laudatio;
comprehensio et ambitus ille verborum erat apud illum contractus et brevis,
id. Brut. 44, 162; cf. id. de Or. 2, 80, 326:
nunc venio ad illa tua brevia: et primum illud, quo nihil potest esse brevius: bonum omne laudabile, etc.,
id. Fin. 4, 18, 48:
quam falsa re! quam brevia responsu!
id. Clu. 59, 164: urbanitas est virtus quaedam in breve dictum coacta, Dom. Mars. ap. Quint. 6, 3, 104:
Homerus brevem eloquentiam Menelao dedit,
Quint. 12, 10, 64 (brevis = ou polumuthos, Hom. Il. 3, 214):
breviores commentarii,
Quint. 3, 8, 58:
annotatio,
id. 10, 7, 31:
brevia illa atque concisa,
id. 10, 7, 10; so,
sententiae,
id. 10, 1, 60:
causae,
id. 6, 1, 8:
docendi compendia,
id. 1, 1, 24:
comprehensiones,
id. 12, 2, 19:
quod ut brevissimo pateat exemplo,
id. 3, 6, 10: commendatio, requiring few words, i.e. moderate, Plin. 11, 42, 97, § 240.— Meton. of a speaker or orator, brief:
multos imitatio brevitatis decipit, ut cum se breves putent esse, longissimi sint,
Cic. Inv. 1, 20, 38:
brevior in scribendo,
id. Att. 5, 6, 2:
brevis esse laboro, Obscurus fio,
Hor. A. P. 25:
in eloquendo brevis,
Quint. 10, 1, 63:
densus et brevis et semper instans sibi Thucydides,
id. 10, 1, 73.—Hence, brĕvī, adv., briefly, in few words (freq. and class.):
brevi pro breviter M. Tullius de Orat. ad Quintum fratrem (1, 8, 34): ac ne plura quidem quae sunt innumerabilia consecter, comprehendam brevi,
Charis. p. 176 P.:
id percurram brevi,
Cic. Caecin. 32, 94:
aliquid explicare,
id. Planc. 40, 95 Wund.:
circumscribere et definire,
id. Sest. 45, 97; so id. ib. 5, 12 Orell. N. cr.; id. Fin. 1, 17, 55:
complecti,
id. de Or. 1, 42, 190:
exponere,
id. ib. 1, 46, 203:
reprehendere,
id. Inv. 1, 9, 12:
reddere,
id. Leg. 2, 14, 34:
respondere,
id. Fam. 3, 8, 1:
perscribere,
id. ib. 4, 5, 1; so Auct. Her. 4, 26, 35; 35, 47 al.; cf.:
in brevi,
Quint. 9, 4, 32.—So once in epistolary style: breve facere, to be short or brief:
quid scribam? breve faciam,
Cic. Att. 11, 7, 6; cf.:
longum est ea dicere, sed hoc breve dicam,
id. Sest. 5, 12.—Once, in breve cogere (diff. from I. A.), to comprise in few words, bring into a small compass:
in breve coactae causae,
Liv. 39, 47, 5; cf.:
in breve coactio causae,
Gai. Inst. 4, 15.— In late Lat. subst.: brĕvis, is, m. (sc. liber—acc. to another reading, brĕve, is, n.), a short catalogue, summary, = breviarium:
brevis nominum,
Vop. Aur. 36; so id. Bonos. 15; Lampr. Alex. Sev. 21; Hier. Ep. 5, n. 2 al.—
2.
Of a short syllable;
rarely as adj.: Syllaba longa brevi subjecta vocatur iambus,
Hor. A. P. 251:
a brevis, gre brevis, faciet tamen longam priorem,
Quint. 9, 4, 86 et saep.—More freq. subst.: brĕvis, is, f. (sc. syllaba):
dactylus, qui est e longā et duabus brevibus,
Cic. Or. 64, 217 sq.:
in fine pro longā accipi brevem,
Quint. 9, 4, 93; 9, 4, 86:
plurimum habent celeritatis breves,
id. 9, 4, 91.—
Hence also once of a syllable long by position, but pronounced short: indoctus dicimus brevi primā litterā, insanus productā: inhumanus brevi, infelix longā,
Cic. Or. 48, 159 Meyer N. cr.; cf. Gell. 2, 17 sqq., and Schütz Lex. Cic. s. v. brevis.—
C.
For parvus, exiguus, little, small:
exigua pars brevisque,
Lucr. 5, 591:
Canidia brevibus implicata viperis,
Hor. Epod. 5, 15:
Alecto brevibus torquata colubris,
Ov. H. 2, 119:
brevi latere ac pede longo est,
Hor. S. 1, 2, 93; cf.
just before: breve quod caput, ardua cervix, v. 89, and brevis alvus,
Verg. G. 3, 80 (on the other hand, Nemes. 244:
parvae alvi): mus,
Ov. F. 2, 574:
forma (sc. pueri in stellionem mutati),
id. M. 5, 457.—
So, lapathi herba,
Hor. S. 2, 4, 29 (brevis = parva, non excrescens in altum, Schol. Cruqu.):
folia breviora,
id. Ep. 1, 19, 26 (minor corona, Schol. Cruqu.):
census,
id. C. 2, 15, 13:
pondus,
id. S. 2, 2, 37:
impensa,
Ov. H. 7, 188 Ruhnk.:
sigillum,
id. M. 6, 86:
insulae,
Pall. 1, 28, 1; cf. Juv. 1, 73: vasculum, Pall. Apr. 8, 4:
offulae,
id. 1, 29, 4:
pantheris in candido breves macularum oculi,
Plin. 8, 17, 23, § 62.—With nom. abstr.:
breve in exiguo marmore nomen ero,
Prop. 2, 1, 72; Sen. Oedip. 935.—So, pondus, Hor. S. 2, 2, 37 al.—Hence, brĕ-vĭter, adv., shortly, briefly, etc.
1.
Of space (acc. to I.) (rare): seu libeat, curvo brevius convertere gyro, shorter, i. e. in a smaller circle, Tib. 4, 1, 94:
parvo brevius quam totus,
a little less than the whole, Plin. 2, 67, 67, § 168:
Sarmatae, omisso arcu, quo brevius valent, contis gladiisque ruerent,
Tac. A. 6, 35.—Far more freq. in prose and poetry,
2.
(Acc. to II. A. b. and c.) Of time, in a short time.
a.
In gen.:
iratum breviter vites, inimicum diu, Publ. Syr. v. 249 Rib.: sapiens, cum breviter et strictim colore atque vultu motus est,
Gell. 19, 1, 20.—
b.
Esp.
(α).
In expression, briefly, in brief, in few words, concisely, summarily:
sed breviter paucis praestat comprendere multa,
Lucr. 6, 1082: multa breviter et commode dicta (sc. apophthegmata; cf. Cic. Off. 1, 29, 104) memoriae mandabam, Cic. Lael. 1, 1:
rem totam breviter cognoscite,
id. Verr. 2, 2, 69, § 169; 2, 3, 27, § 67; so id. de Or. 2, 83, 340:
summatim breviterque describere,
id. Or. 15, 50:
breviter tangere,
id. Off. 3, 2, 8 Beier N. cr.:
breviter et modice disserere,
Sall. J. 111, 1:
adicere aliquid,
Quint. 9, 3, 100; cf. also Verg. A. 2, 11; 4, 632; 6, 321; Ov. M. 2, 783:
omnia soli Forsan Pacuvio breviter dabit (i.e. paucis testamenti verbis, quibus heres ex asse scribetur),
Juv. 12, 125 Web. (cf. id. 1, 68: beatum exiguis tabulis).— Comp., Cic. Fin. 4, 10, 26; Quint. 8, prooem. § 1; 8, 6, 61; 9, 2, 16; 10, 1, 49; 11, 1, 5 al.— Sup., Cic. N. D. 2, 1, 3; id. Div. 1, 32, 70; Quint. 1, 10, 1; 4, 2, 113 al.—
(β).
Of syllables:
quibus in verbis eae primae litterae sunt quae in sapiente atque felice, producte dicitur, in ceteris omnibus breviter,
Cic. Or. 48, 159.

Lewis & Short latin dictionary > brevia
15 brevis

brĕvis, e, adj. (abl. breve, Varr. R. R. 2, 3, 2; comp. abl. breviore, Ov. Am. 2, 17, 22) [cf. brachus, Fest. p. 26], short, little, of small extent, in space and time (opp. longus; in space, in good class. prose, diff. from parvus, which designates that which fills a small space in length, breadth, and thickness; while brevis is used only of length in its different directions of breadth, height, or depth; and even of a circle, as merely a line, and without reference to the space enclosed, v. infra. In poets and postAug. prose brevis sometimes = parvus).
I.
Lit., in space.
A.
In distance, extent, short, little, small, narrow (opp. latus), Cic. Ac. 2, 29, 92:
brevior via,
Nep. Eum. 8, 5; Tib. 1, 10, 4:
via brevis,
Verg. E. 9, 23; Ov. M. 5, 253; Juv. 14, 223:
cursus brevissimus,
Verg. A. 3, 507:
brevius iter,
Ov. P. 1, 4, 32:
cursu brevissimus Almo,
id. M. 14, 329:
quid mihi, quod lato non separor aequore, prodest? Num minus haec nobis tam brevis obstat aqua?
so narrow a stream, id. H. 18, 174; cf.
also brevis unda, opp. latum mare,
id. ib. 19, 141 and 142:
non Asiam brevioris aquae disterminat usquam fluctus ab Europā,
Luc. 9, 957 (strictioris, Schol.); cf. id. 9, 317:
brevissima terra,
Plin. Ep. 10, 69, 2:
in Euboico scopulus brevis emicat altō Gurgite,
a small, narrow rock, Ov. M. 9, 226:
brevibus Gyaris,
Juv. 1, 73:
scis In breve te cogi (sc. libellum),
that you are closely rolled together, Hor. Ep. 1, 20, 8:
quo brevius valent,
the nearer, the more powerful are they in conflict, Tac. A. 6, 35.—
2.
Trop. of the journey of life:
quid est, quod in hoc tam exiguo vitae curriculo et tam brevi tantis nos in laboribus exerceamus?
Cic. Arch. 11, 28; cf.:
vitae brevis cursus, gloriae sempiternus,
id. Sest. 21, 47:
tum brevior dirae mortis aperta via est,
Tib. 1, 10, 4.—And poet. of the thread of life:
fila vitae breviora,
Ov. Tr. 5, 10, 46. —
B.
In height, short, small, low (opp. altus and sometimes longus);
of the human figure: sed sedebat judex L. Aurifex, brevior ipse quam testis,
Cic. de Or. 2, 60, 245:
ut statura breves in digitos eriguntur,
Quint. 2, 3, 8:
forma,
Ov. M. 5, 457:
(puella) longa brevisque,
id. Am. 2, 4, 36:
brevis corpore,
Suet. Galb. 3;
id. Vit. Hor.—Of a maiden changed to a boy: et incomptis brevior mensura capillis,
Ov. M. 9, 789.—
Of other things: ut pleraque Alpium ab Italiā sicut breviora, ita arrectiora sunt,
lower, Liv. 21, 35, 11:
brevior ilex,
Sen. Herc. Oet. 1641:
mus,
little, Ov. F. 2, 574. —
C.
In depth, small, little, shallow (opp. profundus):
puteus,
Juv. 3, 226:
vada,
Verg. A. 5, 221; Sen. Agam. 570.—Hence, subst.: brĕvia, ium, n., as in Gr. ta brachea, shallow places, shallows, shoals:
tris Eurus ab alto In brevia et syrtis urget,
Verg. A. 1, 111 (brevia vadosa dicit, per quae vadi pedibus potest, Serv.); Luc. 9, 338: neque discerni poterant incerta ab solidis, brevia a profundis, Tac. A. 1, 70:
brevia litorum,
id. ib. 6, 33 fin. —Perh. also in sing.:
breve,
Tac. A. 14, 29 Draeg. ad loc. (Ritter, brevia; al. breve litus).—
2.
Trop.:
brevia, in quibus volutatur, incerta, ancipitia,
difficulties, Sen. Ep. 22, 7.—
D.
Of the line of a circle:
ubi circulus (i.e. arcticus) axem Ultimus extremum spatioque brevissimus ambit,
makes the shortest path, Ov. M. 2, 517; cf.
of similar orbits, of stars: absides breviores,
Plin. 2. 15, 13, §
63.—Of the circular course of a horse on the track: discit gyro breviore flecti,
Sen. Hippol. 314. —
II.
Transf., of time.
A.
Lit. (the usu. signif. of the word), short, brief, small, little.
1.
In gen.:
quanto, nox, fuisti longior hac proxumā, Tanto brevior dies ut fiat faciam,
Plaut. Am. 1, 3, 51:
breve spatium'st perferundi quae minitas mihi,
id. Capt. 3, 5, 85:
brevis hora,
Lucr. 4, 179; so Ov. M. 4, 696: Pa. Brevin' an longinquo sermone? Mi. Tribus verbis, Plaut. Mil. 4, 2, 30:
occasio,
Ter. Eun. 3, 5, 57; Phaedr. 5, 8, 5:
brevis hic est fructus homulleis,
short is this enjoyment for little men, Lucr. 3, 927; cf.:
MORS. PERFECIT. TVA. VT. TIBE. ESSENT. OMNIA. BREVIA. HONOS. FAMA. VIRTVSQVE. GLORIA. ATQVE. INGENIVM.,
Inscr. Orell. 558:
omnia brevia tolerabilia esse debent,
Cic. Lael. 27, 104; id. Fin. 1, 12, 40; 2, 29, 94; id. Tusc. 1, 39, 94; Sen. Ira, 3, 43, 5:
quoniam vita brevis est, memoriam nostri quam maxime longam efficere,
Sall. C. 1, 3; so,
vitae summa brevis spem nos vetat incohare longam,
Hor. C. 1, 4, 15; cf. id. ib. 1, 11, 6:
aut omnia breviora aliquanto fuere, aut Saguntum principio anni captum,
occupied a shorter time, Liv. 21, 15, 5:
brevissimum tempus,
id. 5, 6, 7:
detrimentum,
Quint. 11, 1, 10:
arbitrium mortis,
Tac. A. 15, 60:
breves populi Romani amores,
id. ib. 2, 41:
tempus,
Suet. Ner. 20 al.:
nobis quom semel occidit brevis lux, nox est perpetua una dormienda,
Cat. 5, 5:
fructus,
Lucr. 3, 914:
aevum,
Hor. C. 2, 16, 17; id. S. 2, 6, 97; id. Ep. 2, 1, 144; Plin. Pan. 78, 2:
anni,
Hor. C. 4, 13, 22:
ver,
Ov. M. 1, 118; 10, 85:
flores rosae,
quickly withering, short-lived, Hor. C. 2, 3, 13:
lilium,
id. ib. 1, 36, 16:
cena,
frugal, id. Ep. 1, 14, 35:
mensa,
id. A. P. 198:
dominus,
living but a short time, id. C. 2, 14, 24:
stultitia,
id. ib. 4, 12, 27:
ira furor brevis est,
id. Ep. 1, 2, 62:
actio brevis atque concisa,
Quint. 6, 4, 2:
somnus,
Sen. Troad. 441:
nec gratius quicquam decore nec brevius,
nothing is more acceptable, but nothing more perishable, fading, than beauty, Suet. Dom. 18:
domus,
Sen. Hippol. 762:
fortuna,
Sil. 4, 734.—
2.
Esp.
a.
Comp. brevius, with subj. clause, shorter, i.e. easier, more convenient:
brevius visum urbana crimina incipi, quorum obvii testes erant,
Tac. A. 13, 43: modo ne existimes brevius esse ab urbe mitti, Trag. ap. Plin. Ep. 10, 40 (49), 3.—
b.
In brevi spatio, brevi spatio, in brevi tempore, brevi tempore, and absol. brevi or in brevi, in a short time, shortly (before or after) (brevi tempore and brevi are class.; the latter, as in Gr. en brachei, to be considered as neuter, without supplying tempore):
inque brevi spatio mutantur saecla animantum,
Lucr. 2, 77; so Ter. Heaut. 5, 2, 2; Suet. Claud. 12; id. Ner. 30; cf.:
in multo breviore temporis spatio,
id. Aug. 22:
multa brevi spatio simulacra geruntur,
Lucr. 4, 160; Sall. J. 87, 3:
spatio brevi,
Hor. C. 1, 11, 6:
res publica per vos brevi tempore jus suum recuperabit,
Cic. Fam. 12, 2, 3; 5, 21, 2; id. Tusc. 2, 2, 5; Caes. B. G. 1, 40, 11; Nep. Milt. 2, 1; id. Them. 1, 4; Suet. Caes. 3:
sic ille affectus, brevi postea est mortuus,
soon after, Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 54, § 142 (Zumpt;
acc. to MSS. perbrevi).—So brevi post = paulo post: brevi post Marcellus Romam venit,
Liv. 33, 37, 9; 24, 3, 14:
brevi deinde,
id. 24, 4, 9: (Britanni) tantum usu cotidiano et exercitatione efficiunt, uti in declivi ac praecipiti loco incitatos equos sustinere et brevi ( in a short time, i.e. with great rapidity) moderari ac flectere consuerint, Caes. B. G. 4, 33 fin. Herz. and Held.:
fama tanti facinoris per omnem Africam brevi divolgatur,
Sall. J. 13, 1; Nep. Them. 4, 4:
mirantur tam brevi rem Romanam crevisse,
Liv. 1, 9, 9:
brevi omnia subegit,
Suet. Caes. 34; so id. Aug. 17; 65; id. Vesp. 5; id. Gram. 3; Gell. 1, 15, 18: scire in brevi, Afran. ap. Charis. p. 186 P.; Flor. 1, 1, 15.—
c.
Brevi, a short time, a little while: [p. 251] cunctatusque brevi, contortam viribus hastam in Persea misit, Ov. M. 5, 32; cf.:
illa brevi spatio silet,
id. ib. 7, 307; so,
* breve,
Cat. 61, 187.—
d.
Ad breve, for a short time, Suet. Tib. 68; cf.:
ad breve quoddam tempus,
Cic. Cat. 1, 13, 31.—
B.
Transf. to things done or taking place in a short time; so most freq.
1.
Of discourse, short, brief, concise (most freq. in Cic. and Quint.):
narratio,
Cic. Inv. 1, 20, 28; id. de Or. 3, 50, 196: laudatio;
comprehensio et ambitus ille verborum erat apud illum contractus et brevis,
id. Brut. 44, 162; cf. id. de Or. 2, 80, 326:
nunc venio ad illa tua brevia: et primum illud, quo nihil potest esse brevius: bonum omne laudabile, etc.,
id. Fin. 4, 18, 48:
quam falsa re! quam brevia responsu!
id. Clu. 59, 164: urbanitas est virtus quaedam in breve dictum coacta, Dom. Mars. ap. Quint. 6, 3, 104:
Homerus brevem eloquentiam Menelao dedit,
Quint. 12, 10, 64 (brevis = ou polumuthos, Hom. Il. 3, 214):
breviores commentarii,
Quint. 3, 8, 58:
annotatio,
id. 10, 7, 31:
brevia illa atque concisa,
id. 10, 7, 10; so,
sententiae,
id. 10, 1, 60:
causae,
id. 6, 1, 8:
docendi compendia,
id. 1, 1, 24:
comprehensiones,
id. 12, 2, 19:
quod ut brevissimo pateat exemplo,
id. 3, 6, 10: commendatio, requiring few words, i.e. moderate, Plin. 11, 42, 97, § 240.— Meton. of a speaker or orator, brief:
multos imitatio brevitatis decipit, ut cum se breves putent esse, longissimi sint,
Cic. Inv. 1, 20, 38:
brevior in scribendo,
id. Att. 5, 6, 2:
brevis esse laboro, Obscurus fio,
Hor. A. P. 25:
in eloquendo brevis,
Quint. 10, 1, 63:
densus et brevis et semper instans sibi Thucydides,
id. 10, 1, 73.—Hence, brĕvī, adv., briefly, in few words (freq. and class.):
brevi pro breviter M. Tullius de Orat. ad Quintum fratrem (1, 8, 34): ac ne plura quidem quae sunt innumerabilia consecter, comprehendam brevi,
Charis. p. 176 P.:
id percurram brevi,
Cic. Caecin. 32, 94:
aliquid explicare,
id. Planc. 40, 95 Wund.:
circumscribere et definire,
id. Sest. 45, 97; so id. ib. 5, 12 Orell. N. cr.; id. Fin. 1, 17, 55:
complecti,
id. de Or. 1, 42, 190:
exponere,
id. ib. 1, 46, 203:
reprehendere,
id. Inv. 1, 9, 12:
reddere,
id. Leg. 2, 14, 34:
respondere,
id. Fam. 3, 8, 1:
perscribere,
id. ib. 4, 5, 1; so Auct. Her. 4, 26, 35; 35, 47 al.; cf.:
in brevi,
Quint. 9, 4, 32.—So once in epistolary style: breve facere, to be short or brief:
quid scribam? breve faciam,
Cic. Att. 11, 7, 6; cf.:
longum est ea dicere, sed hoc breve dicam,
id. Sest. 5, 12.—Once, in breve cogere (diff. from I. A.), to comprise in few words, bring into a small compass:
in breve coactae causae,
Liv. 39, 47, 5; cf.:
in breve coactio causae,
Gai. Inst. 4, 15.— In late Lat. subst.: brĕvis, is, m. (sc. liber—acc. to another reading, brĕve, is, n.), a short catalogue, summary, = breviarium:
brevis nominum,
Vop. Aur. 36; so id. Bonos. 15; Lampr. Alex. Sev. 21; Hier. Ep. 5, n. 2 al.—
2.
Of a short syllable;
rarely as adj.: Syllaba longa brevi subjecta vocatur iambus,
Hor. A. P. 251:
a brevis, gre brevis, faciet tamen longam priorem,
Quint. 9, 4, 86 et saep.—More freq. subst.: brĕvis, is, f. (sc. syllaba):
dactylus, qui est e longā et duabus brevibus,
Cic. Or. 64, 217 sq.:
in fine pro longā accipi brevem,
Quint. 9, 4, 93; 9, 4, 86:
plurimum habent celeritatis breves,
id. 9, 4, 91.—
Hence also once of a syllable long by position, but pronounced short: indoctus dicimus brevi primā litterā, insanus productā: inhumanus brevi, infelix longā,
Cic. Or. 48, 159 Meyer N. cr.; cf. Gell. 2, 17 sqq., and Schütz Lex. Cic. s. v. brevis.—
C.
For parvus, exiguus, little, small:
exigua pars brevisque,
Lucr. 5, 591:
Canidia brevibus implicata viperis,
Hor. Epod. 5, 15:
Alecto brevibus torquata colubris,
Ov. H. 2, 119:
brevi latere ac pede longo est,
Hor. S. 1, 2, 93; cf.
just before: breve quod caput, ardua cervix, v. 89, and brevis alvus,
Verg. G. 3, 80 (on the other hand, Nemes. 244:
parvae alvi): mus,
Ov. F. 2, 574:
forma (sc. pueri in stellionem mutati),
id. M. 5, 457.—
So, lapathi herba,
Hor. S. 2, 4, 29 (brevis = parva, non excrescens in altum, Schol. Cruqu.):
folia breviora,
id. Ep. 1, 19, 26 (minor corona, Schol. Cruqu.):
census,
id. C. 2, 15, 13:
pondus,
id. S. 2, 2, 37:
impensa,
Ov. H. 7, 188 Ruhnk.:
sigillum,
id. M. 6, 86:
insulae,
Pall. 1, 28, 1; cf. Juv. 1, 73: vasculum, Pall. Apr. 8, 4:
offulae,
id. 1, 29, 4:
pantheris in candido breves macularum oculi,
Plin. 8, 17, 23, § 62.—With nom. abstr.:
breve in exiguo marmore nomen ero,
Prop. 2, 1, 72; Sen. Oedip. 935.—So, pondus, Hor. S. 2, 2, 37 al.—Hence, brĕ-vĭter, adv., shortly, briefly, etc.
1.
Of space (acc. to I.) (rare): seu libeat, curvo brevius convertere gyro, shorter, i. e. in a smaller circle, Tib. 4, 1, 94:
parvo brevius quam totus,
a little less than the whole, Plin. 2, 67, 67, § 168:
Sarmatae, omisso arcu, quo brevius valent, contis gladiisque ruerent,
Tac. A. 6, 35.—Far more freq. in prose and poetry,
2.
(Acc. to II. A. b. and c.) Of time, in a short time.
a.
In gen.:
iratum breviter vites, inimicum diu, Publ. Syr. v. 249 Rib.: sapiens, cum breviter et strictim colore atque vultu motus est,
Gell. 19, 1, 20.—
b.
Esp.
(α).
In expression, briefly, in brief, in few words, concisely, summarily:
sed breviter paucis praestat comprendere multa,
Lucr. 6, 1082: multa breviter et commode dicta (sc. apophthegmata; cf. Cic. Off. 1, 29, 104) memoriae mandabam, Cic. Lael. 1, 1:
rem totam breviter cognoscite,
id. Verr. 2, 2, 69, § 169; 2, 3, 27, § 67; so id. de Or. 2, 83, 340:
summatim breviterque describere,
id. Or. 15, 50:
breviter tangere,
id. Off. 3, 2, 8 Beier N. cr.:
breviter et modice disserere,
Sall. J. 111, 1:
adicere aliquid,
Quint. 9, 3, 100; cf. also Verg. A. 2, 11; 4, 632; 6, 321; Ov. M. 2, 783:
omnia soli Forsan Pacuvio breviter dabit (i.e. paucis testamenti verbis, quibus heres ex asse scribetur),
Juv. 12, 125 Web. (cf. id. 1, 68: beatum exiguis tabulis).— Comp., Cic. Fin. 4, 10, 26; Quint. 8, prooem. § 1; 8, 6, 61; 9, 2, 16; 10, 1, 49; 11, 1, 5 al.— Sup., Cic. N. D. 2, 1, 3; id. Div. 1, 32, 70; Quint. 1, 10, 1; 4, 2, 113 al.—
(β).
Of syllables:
quibus in verbis eae primae litterae sunt quae in sapiente atque felice, producte dicitur, in ceteris omnibus breviter,
Cic. Or. 48, 159.

Lewis & Short latin dictionary > brevis
16 number one

1. n phr; разг.
(number one (тж. Number One))

собственная персона, своё "я" (обыкн. look after или take care of number one)

...for ours, as the reader has possibly already discovered, is a Selfish Story and almost every person... is occupied about Number One. (W. Thackeray, ‘Pendennis’, vol. II, ch. LVI) —...как уже, вероятно, заметил читатель, мы ведем повествование об эгоистах, и почти каждое действующее лицо... усиленно занимается собственной персоной.

When shall I learn to look after number one and not fritter away my energy on altruistic crusades? (R. Aldington, ‘Rejected Guest’, ch. 20) — Когда только я научусь думать о себе и перестану тратить время и свои силы на всякие альтруистские затеи?

Take myself - I choose that example because after all number one is what I know most about. (J. Lindsay, ‘Rising Tide’, ch. XIII) — К примеру, возьмем меня. Я говорю о себе, потому что, в конце концов, о себе я знаю больше всего.
2. adj phr; разг.
(number one (тж. Number One))

1) главный, первый, самый важный

President Roosevelt had called the South "the nation's economic problem number one". (W. Foster, ‘The Negro People in American History’, ch. 44) — Президент Рузвельт сказал однажды, что Юг - "это экономическая проблема страны номер один".

It took him a long time, but now he's Number One man in Rodnik. (S. Heym, ‘The Eyes of Reason’, book II, ch. 17) — Карел долго выжидал, зато теперь он самая важная персона в Роднике.

Dr. Leonard A. Scheele, Surgeon General of the United States Public Health Service, has stated that mental illness constitutes the nation's number one public health enemy. (G. Green, ‘The Enemy Forgotten’, ch. VIII) — Доктор Леонард А. Скил, главный хирург Службы здравоохранения Соединенных Штатов, заявил, что психические заболевания - злейший бич населения страны.

2) первоклассный, первосортный

‘I have spoken to Bing,’ he offered. ‘I don't like him, personally. He thinks he knows a lot. But he will turn out an A Number One job.’ (S. Heym, ‘The Crusaders’, book I, ch. 2) — - Я уже поговорил с Бингом, - заявил он. - Лично я его терпеть не могу. Уж больно много о себе воображает. Но листовку он напишет первоклассную.

Large English-Russian phrasebook > number one
17 Historical Portugal

   Before Romans described western Iberia or Hispania as "Lusitania," ancient Iberians inhabited the land. Phoenician and Greek trading settlements grew up in the Tagus estuary area and nearby coasts. Beginning around 202 BCE, Romans invaded what is today southern Portugal. With Rome's defeat of Carthage, Romans proceeded to conquer and rule the western region north of the Tagus, which they named Roman "Lusitania." In the fourth century CE, as Rome's rule weakened, the area experienced yet another invasion—Germanic tribes, principally the Suevi, who eventually were Christianized. During the sixth century CE, the Suevi kingdom was superseded by yet another Germanic tribe—the Christian Visigoths.

   A major turning point in Portugal's history came in 711, as Muslim armies from North Africa, consisting of both Arab and Berber elements, invaded the Iberian Peninsula from across the Straits of Gibraltar. They entered what is now Portugal in 714, and proceeded to conquer most of the country except for the far north. For the next half a millennium, Islam and Muslim presence in Portugal left a significant mark upon the politics, government, language, and culture of the country.

   Islam, Reconquest, and Portugal Created, 714-1140

   The long frontier struggle between Muslim invaders and Christian communities in the north of the Iberian peninsula was called the Reconquista (Reconquest). It was during this struggle that the first dynasty of Portuguese kings (Burgundian) emerged and the independent monarchy of Portugal was established. Christian forces moved south from what is now the extreme north of Portugal and gradually defeated Muslim forces, besieging and capturing towns under Muslim sway. In the ninth century, as Christian forces slowly made their way southward, Christian elements were dominant only in the area between Minho province and the Douro River; this region became known as "territorium Portu-calense."

   In the 11th century, the advance of the Reconquest quickened as local Christian armies were reinforced by crusading knights from what is now France and England. Christian forces took Montemor (1034), at the Mondego River; Lamego (1058); Viseu (1058); and Coimbra (1064). In 1095, the king of Castile and Léon granted the country of "Portu-cale," what became northern Portugal, to a Burgundian count who had emigrated from France. This was the foundation of Portugal. In 1139, a descendant of this count, Afonso Henriques, proclaimed himself "King of Portugal." He was Portugal's first monarch, the "Founder," and the first of the Burgundian dynasty, which ruled until 1385.

   The emergence of Portugal in the 12th century as a separate monarchy in Iberia occurred before the Christian Reconquest of the peninsula. In the 1140s, the pope in Rome recognized Afonso Henriques as king of Portugal. In 1147, after a long, bloody siege, Muslim-occupied Lisbon fell to Afonso Henriques's army. Lisbon was the greatest prize of the 500-year war. Assisting this effort were English crusaders on their way to the Holy Land; the first bishop of Lisbon was an Englishman. When the Portuguese captured Faro and Silves in the Algarve province in 1248-50, the Reconquest of the extreme western portion of the Iberian peninsula was complete—significantly, more than two centuries before the Spanish crown completed the Reconquest of the eastern portion by capturing Granada in 1492.

   Consolidation and Independence of Burgundian Portugal, 1140-1385

   Two main themes of Portugal's early existence as a monarchy are the consolidation of control over the realm and the defeat of a Castil-ian threat from the east to its independence. At the end of this period came the birth of a new royal dynasty (Aviz), which prepared to carry the Christian Reconquest beyond continental Portugal across the straits of Gibraltar to North Africa. There was a variety of motives behind these developments. Portugal's independent existence was imperiled by threats from neighboring Iberian kingdoms to the north and east. Politics were dominated not only by efforts against the Muslims in

   Portugal (until 1250) and in nearby southern Spain (until 1492), but also by internecine warfare among the kingdoms of Castile, Léon, Aragon, and Portugal. A final comeback of Muslim forces was defeated at the battle of Salado (1340) by allied Castilian and Portuguese forces. In the emerging Kingdom of Portugal, the monarch gradually gained power over and neutralized the nobility and the Church.

   The historic and commonplace Portuguese saying "From Spain, neither a good wind nor a good marriage" was literally played out in diplomacy and war in the late 14th-century struggles for mastery in the peninsula. Larger, more populous Castile was pitted against smaller Portugal. Castile's Juan I intended to force a union between Castile and Portugal during this era of confusion and conflict. In late 1383, Portugal's King Fernando, the last king of the Burgundian dynasty, suddenly died prematurely at age 38, and the Master of Aviz, Portugal's most powerful nobleman, took up the cause of independence and resistance against Castile's invasion. The Master of Aviz, who became King João I of Portugal, was able to obtain foreign assistance. With the aid of English archers, Joao's armies defeated the Castilians in the crucial battle of Aljubarrota, on 14 August 1385, a victory that assured the independence of the Portuguese monarchy from its Castilian nemesis for several centuries.

   Aviz Dynasty and Portugal's First Overseas Empire, 1385-1580

   The results of the victory at Aljubarrota, much celebrated in Portugal's art and monuments, and the rise of the Aviz dynasty also helped to establish a new merchant class in Lisbon and Oporto, Portugal's second city. This group supported King João I's program of carrying the Reconquest to North Africa, since it was interested in expanding Portugal's foreign commerce and tapping into Muslim trade routes and resources in Africa. With the Reconquest against the Muslims completed in Portugal and the threat from Castile thwarted for the moment, the Aviz dynasty launched an era of overseas conquest, exploration, and trade. These efforts dominated Portugal's 15th and 16th centuries.

   The overseas empire and age of Discoveries began with Portugal's bold conquest in 1415 of the Moroccan city of Ceuta. One royal member of the 1415 expedition was young, 21-year-old Prince Henry, later known in history as "Prince Henry the Navigator." His part in the capture of Ceuta won Henry his knighthood and began Portugal's "Marvelous Century," during which the small kingdom was counted as a European and world power of consequence. Henry was the son of King João I and his English queen, Philippa of Lancaster, but he did not inherit the throne. Instead, he spent most of his life and his fortune, and that of the wealthy military Order of Christ, on various imperial ventures and on voyages of exploration down the African coast and into the Atlantic. While mythology has surrounded Henry's controversial role in the Discoveries, and this role has been exaggerated, there is no doubt that he played a vital part in the initiation of Portugal's first overseas empire and in encouraging exploration. He was naturally curious, had a sense of mission for Portugal, and was a strong leader. He also had wealth to expend; at least a third of the African voyages of the time were under his sponsorship. If Prince Henry himself knew little science, significant scientific advances in navigation were made in his day.

   What were Portugal's motives for this new imperial effort? The well-worn historical cliche of "God, Glory, and Gold" can only partly explain the motivation of a small kingdom with few natural resources and barely 1 million people, which was greatly outnumbered by the other powers it confronted. Among Portuguese objectives were the desire to exploit known North African trade routes and resources (gold, wheat, leather, weaponry, and other goods that were scarce in Iberia); the need to outflank the Muslim world in the Mediterranean by sailing around Africa, attacking Muslims en route; and the wish to ally with Christian kingdoms beyond Africa. This enterprise also involved a strategy of breaking the Venetian spice monopoly by trading directly with the East by means of discovering and exploiting a sea route around Africa to Asia. Besides the commercial motives, Portugal nurtured a strong crusading sense of Christian mission, and various classes in the kingdom saw an opportunity for fame and gain.

   By the time of Prince Henry's death in 1460, Portugal had gained control of the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeiras, begun to colonize the Cape Verde Islands, failed to conquer the Canary Islands from Castile, captured various cities on Morocco's coast, and explored as far as Senegal, West Africa, down the African coast. By 1488, Bar-tolomeu Dias had rounded the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and thereby discovered the way to the Indian Ocean.

   Portugal's largely coastal African empire and later its fragile Asian empire brought unexpected wealth but were purchased at a high price. Costs included wars of conquest and defense against rival powers, manning the far-flung navel and trade fleets and scattered castle-fortresses, and staffing its small but fierce armies, all of which entailed a loss of skills and population to maintain a scattered empire. Always short of capital, the monarchy became indebted to bankers. There were many defeats beginning in the 16th century at the hands of the larger imperial European monarchies (Spain, France, England, and Holland) and many attacks on Portugal and its strung-out empire. Typically, there was also the conflict that arose when a tenuously held world empire that rarely if ever paid its way demanded finance and manpower Portugal itself lacked.

   The first 80 years of the glorious imperial era, the golden age of Portugal's imperial power and world influence, was an African phase. During 1415-88, Portuguese navigators and explorers in small ships, some of them caravelas (caravels), explored the treacherous, disease-ridden coasts of Africa from Morocco to South Africa beyond the Cape of Good Hope. By the 1470s, the Portuguese had reached the Gulf of Guinea and, in the early 1480s, what is now Angola. Bartolomeu Dias's extraordinary voyage of 1487-88 to South Africa's coast and the edge of the Indian Ocean convinced Portugal that the best route to Asia's spices and Christians lay south, around the tip of southern Africa. Between 1488 and 1495, there was a hiatus caused in part by domestic conflict in Portugal, discussion of resources available for further conquests beyond Africa in Asia, and serious questions as to Portugal's capacity to reach beyond Africa. In 1495, King Manuel and his council decided to strike for Asia, whatever the consequences. In 1497-99, Vasco da Gama, under royal orders, made the epic two-year voyage that discovered the sea route to western India (Asia), outflanked Islam and Venice, and began Portugal's Asian empire. Within 50 years, Portugal had discovered and begun the exploitation of its largest colony, Brazil, and set up forts and trading posts from the Middle East (Aden and Ormuz), India (Calicut, Goa, etc.), Malacca, and Indonesia to Macau in China.

   By the 1550s, parts of its largely coastal, maritime trading post empire from Morocco to the Moluccas were under siege from various hostile forces, including Muslims, Christians, and Hindi. Although Moroccan forces expelled the Portuguese from the major coastal cities by 1550, the rival European monarchies of Castile (Spain), England, France, and later Holland began to seize portions of her undermanned, outgunned maritime empire.

   In 1580, Phillip II of Spain, whose mother was a Portuguese princess and who had a strong claim to the Portuguese throne, invaded Portugal, claimed the throne, and assumed control over the realm and, by extension, its African, Asian, and American empires. Phillip II filled the power vacuum that appeared in Portugal following the loss of most of Portugal's army and its young, headstrong King Sebastião in a disastrous war in Morocco. Sebastiao's death in battle (1578) and the lack of a natural heir to succeed him, as well as the weak leadership of the cardinal who briefly assumed control in Lisbon, led to a crisis that Spain's strong monarch exploited. As a result, Portugal lost its independence to Spain for a period of 60 years.

   Portugal under Spanish Rule, 1580-1640

   Despite the disastrous nature of Portugal's experience under Spanish rule, "The Babylonian Captivity" gave birth to modern Portuguese nationalism, its second overseas empire, and its modern alliance system with England. Although Spain allowed Portugal's weakened empire some autonomy, Spanish rule in Portugal became increasingly burdensome and unacceptable. Spain's ambitious imperial efforts in Europe and overseas had an impact on the Portuguese as Spain made greater and greater demands on its smaller neighbor for manpower and money. Portugal's culture underwent a controversial Castilianization, while its empire became hostage to Spain's fortunes. New rival powers England, France, and Holland attacked and took parts of Spain's empire and at the same time attacked Portugal's empire, as well as the mother country.

   Portugal's empire bore the consequences of being attacked by Spain's bitter enemies in what was a form of world war. Portuguese losses were heavy. By 1640, Portugal had lost most of its Moroccan cities as well as Ceylon, the Moluccas, and sections of India. With this, Portugal's Asian empire was gravely weakened. Only Goa, Damão, Diu, Bombay, Timor, and Macau remained and, in Brazil, Dutch forces occupied the northeast.

   On 1 December 1640, long commemorated as a national holiday, Portuguese rebels led by the duke of Braganza overthrew Spanish domination and took advantage of Spanish weakness following a more serious rebellion in Catalonia. Portugal regained independence from Spain, but at a price: dependence on foreign assistance to maintain its independence in the form of the renewal of the alliance with England.

   Restoration and Second Empire, 1640-1822

   Foreign affairs and empire dominated the restoration era and aftermath, and Portugal again briefly enjoyed greater European power and prestige. The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance was renewed and strengthened in treaties of 1642, 1654, and 1661, and Portugal's independence from Spain was underwritten by English pledges and armed assistance. In a Luso-Spanish treaty of 1668, Spain recognized Portugal's independence. Portugal's alliance with England was a marriage of convenience and necessity between two monarchies with important religious, cultural, and social differences. In return for legal, diplomatic, and trade privileges, as well as the use during war and peace of Portugal's great Lisbon harbor and colonial ports for England's navy, England pledged to protect Portugal and its scattered empire from any attack. The previously cited 17th-century alliance treaties were renewed later in the Treaty of Windsor, signed in London in 1899. On at least 10 different occasions after 1640, and during the next two centuries, England was central in helping prevent or repel foreign invasions of its ally, Portugal.

   Portugal's second empire (1640-1822) was largely Brazil-oriented. Portuguese colonization, exploitation of wealth, and emigration focused on Portuguese America, and imperial revenues came chiefly from Brazil. Between 1670 and 1740, Portugal's royalty and nobility grew wealthier on funds derived from Brazilian gold, diamonds, sugar, tobacco, and other crops, an enterprise supported by the Atlantic slave trade and the supply of African slave labor from West Africa and Angola. Visitors today can see where much of that wealth was invested: Portugal's rich legacy of monumental architecture. Meanwhile, the African slave trade took a toll in Angola and West Africa.

   In continental Portugal, absolutist monarchy dominated politics and government, and there was a struggle for position and power between the monarchy and other institutions, such as the Church and nobility. King José I's chief minister, usually known in history as the marquis of Pombal (ruled 1750-77), sharply suppressed the nobility and the

   Church (including the Inquisition, now a weak institution) and expelled the Jesuits. Pombal also made an effort to reduce economic dependence on England, Portugal's oldest ally. But his successes did not last much beyond his disputed time in office.

   Beginning in the late 18th century, the European-wide impact of the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon placed Portugal in a vulnerable position. With the monarchy ineffectively led by an insane queen (Maria I) and her indecisive regent son (João VI), Portugal again became the focus of foreign ambition and aggression. With England unable to provide decisive assistance in time, France—with Spain's consent—invaded Portugal in 1807. As Napoleon's army under General Junot entered Lisbon meeting no resistance, Portugal's royal family fled on a British fleet to Brazil, where it remained in exile until 1821. In the meantime, Portugal's overseas empire was again under threat. There was a power vacuum as the monarch was absent, foreign armies were present, and new political notions of liberalism and constitutional monarchy were exciting various groups of citizens.

   Again England came to the rescue, this time in the form of the armies of the duke of Wellington. Three successive French invasions of Portugal were defeated and expelled, and Wellington succeeded in carrying the war against Napoleon across the Portuguese frontier into Spain. The presence of the English army, the new French-born liberal ideas, and the political vacuum combined to create revolutionary conditions. The French invasions and the peninsular wars, where Portuguese armed forces played a key role, marked the beginning of a new era in politics.

   Liberalism and Constitutional Monarchy, 1822-1910

   During 1807-22, foreign invasions, war, and civil strife over conflicting political ideas gravely damaged Portugal's commerce, economy, and novice industry. The next terrible blow was the loss of Brazil in 1822, the jewel in the imperial crown. Portugal's very independence seemed to be at risk. In vain, Portugal sought to resist Brazilian independence by force, but in 1825 it formally acknowledged Brazilian independence by treaty.

   Portugal's slow recovery from the destructive French invasions and the "war of independence" was complicated by civil strife over the form of constitutional monarchy that best suited Portugal. After struggles over these issues between 1820 and 1834, Portugal settled somewhat uncertainly into a moderate constitutional monarchy whose constitution (Charter of 1826) lent it strong political powers to exert a moderating influence between the executive and legislative branches of the government. It also featured a new upper middle class based on land ownership and commerce; a Catholic Church that, although still important, lived with reduced privileges and property; a largely African (third) empire to which Lisbon and Oporto devoted increasing spiritual and material resources, starting with the liberal imperial plans of 1836 and 1851, and continuing with the work of institutions like the Lisbon Society of Geography (established 1875); and a mass of rural peasants whose bonds to the land weakened after 1850 and who began to immigrate in increasing numbers to Brazil and North America.

   Chronic military intervention in national politics began in 19th-century Portugal. Such intervention, usually commencing with coups or pronunciamentos (military revolts), was a shortcut to the spoils of political office and could reflect popular discontent as well as the power of personalities. An early example of this was the 1817 golpe (coup) attempt of General Gomes Freire against British military rule in Portugal before the return of King João VI from Brazil. Except for a more stable period from 1851 to 1880, military intervention in politics, or the threat thereof, became a feature of the constitutional monarchy's political life, and it continued into the First Republic and the subsequent Estado Novo.

   Beginning with the Regeneration period (1851-80), Portugal experienced greater political stability and economic progress. Military intervention in politics virtually ceased; industrialization and construction of railroads, roads, and bridges proceeded; two political parties (Regenerators and Historicals) worked out a system of rotation in power; and leading intellectuals sparked a cultural revival in several fields. In 19th-century literature, there was a new golden age led by such figures as Alexandre Herculano (historian), Eça de Queirós (novelist), Almeida Garrett (playwright and essayist), Antero de Quental (poet), and Joaquim Oliveira Martins (historian and social scientist). In its third overseas empire, Portugal attempted to replace the slave trade and slavery with legitimate economic activities; to reform the administration; and to expand Portuguese holdings beyond coastal footholds deep into the African hinterlands in West, West Central, and East Africa. After 1841, to some extent, and especially after 1870, colonial affairs, combined with intense nationalism, pressures for economic profit in Africa, sentiment for national revival, and the drift of European affairs would make or break Lisbon governments.

   Beginning with the political crisis that arose out of the "English Ultimatum" affair of January 1890, the monarchy became discredtted and identified with the poorly functioning government, political parties splintered, and republicanism found more supporters. Portugal participated in the "Scramble for Africa," expanding its African holdings, but failed to annex territory connecting Angola and Mozambique. A growing foreign debt and state bankruptcy as of the early 1890s damaged the constitutional monarchy's reputation, despite the efforts of King Carlos in diplomacy, the renewal of the alliance in the Windsor Treaty of 1899, and the successful if bloody colonial wars in the empire (1880-97). Republicanism proclaimed that Portugal's weak economy and poor society were due to two historic institutions: the monarchy and the Catholic Church. A republic, its stalwarts claimed, would bring greater individual liberty; efficient, if more decentralized government; and a stronger colonial program while stripping the Church of its role in both society and education.

   As the monarchy lost support and republicans became more aggressive, violence increased in politics. King Carlos I and his heir Luís were murdered in Lisbon by anarchist-republicans on 1 February 1908. Following a military and civil insurrection and fighting between monarchist and republican forces, on 5 October 1910, King Manuel II fled Portugal and a republic was proclaimed.

   First Parliamentary Republic, 1910-26

   Portugal's first attempt at republican government was the most unstable, turbulent parliamentary republic in the history of 20th-century Western Europe. During a little under 16 years of the republic, there were 45 governments, a number of legislatures that did not complete normal terms, military coups, and only one president who completed his four-year term in office. Portuguese society was poorly prepared for this political experiment. Among the deadly legacies of the monarchy were a huge public debt; a largely rural, apolitical, and illiterate peasant population; conflict over the causes of the country's misfortunes; and lack of experience with a pluralist, democratic system.

   The republic had some talented leadership but lacked popular, institutional, and economic support. The 1911 republican constitution established only a limited democracy, as only a small portion of the adult male citizenry was eligible to vote. In a country where the majority was Catholic, the republic passed harshly anticlerical laws, and its institutions and supporters persecuted both the Church and its adherents. During its brief disjointed life, the First Republic drafted important reform plans in economic, social, and educational affairs; actively promoted development in the empire; and pursued a liberal, generous foreign policy. Following British requests for Portugal's assistance in World War I, Portugal entered the war on the Allied side in March 1916 and sent armies to Flanders and Portuguese Africa. Portugal's intervention in that conflict, however, was too costly in many respects, and the ultimate failure of the republic in part may be ascribed to Portugal's World War I activities.

   Unfortunately for the republic, its time coincided with new threats to Portugal's African possessions: World War I, social and political demands from various classes that could not be reconciled, excessive military intervention in politics, and, in particular, the worst economic and financial crisis Portugal had experienced since the 16th and 17th centuries. After the original Portuguese Republican Party (PRP, also known as the "Democrats") splintered into three warring groups in 1912, no true multiparty system emerged. The Democrats, except for only one or two elections, held an iron monopoly of electoral power, and political corruption became a major issue. As extreme right-wing dictatorships elsewhere in Europe began to take power in Italy (1922), neighboring Spain (1923), and Greece (1925), what scant popular support remained for the republic collapsed. Backed by a right-wing coalition of landowners from Alentejo, clergy, Coimbra University faculty and students, Catholic organizations, and big business, career military officers led by General Gomes da Costa executed a coup on 28 May 1926, turned out the last republican government, and established a military government.

   The Estado Novo (New State), 1926-74

   During the military phase (1926-32) of the Estado Novo, professional military officers, largely from the army, governed and administered Portugal and held key cabinet posts, but soon discovered that the military possessed no magic formula that could readily solve the problems inherited from the First Republic. Especially during the years 1926-31, the military dictatorship, even with its political repression of republican activities and institutions (military censorship of the press, political police action, and closure of the republic's rowdy parliament), was characterized by similar weaknesses: personalism and factionalism; military coups and political instability, including civil strife and loss of life; state debt and bankruptcy; and a weak economy. "Barracks parliamentarism" was not an acceptable alternative even to the "Nightmare Republic."

   Led by General Óscar Carmona, who had replaced and sent into exile General Gomes da Costa, the military dictatorship turned to a civilian expert in finance and economics to break the budget impasse and bring coherence to the disorganized system. Appointed minister of finance on 27 April 1928, the Coimbra University Law School professor of economics Antônio de Oliveira Salazar (1889-1970) first reformed finance, helped balance the budget, and then turned to other concerns as he garnered extraordinary governing powers. In 1930, he was appointed interim head of another key ministry (Colonies) and within a few years had become, in effect, a civilian dictator who, with the military hierarchy's support, provided the government with coherence, a program, and a set of policies.

   For nearly 40 years after he was appointed the first civilian prime minister in 1932, Salazar's personality dominated the government. Unlike extreme right-wing dictators elsewhere in Europe, Salazar was directly appointed by the army but was never endorsed by a popular political party, street militia, or voter base. The scholarly, reclusive former Coimbra University professor built up what became known after 1932 as the Estado Novo ("New State"), which at the time of its overthrow by another military coup in 1974, was the longest surviving authoritarian regime in Western Europe. The system of Salazar and the largely academic and technocratic ruling group he gathered in his cabinets was based on the central bureaucracy of the state, which was supported by the president of the republic—always a senior career military officer, General Óscar Carmona (1928-51), General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58), and Admiral Américo Tómaz (1958-74)—and the complicity of various institutions. These included a rubber-stamp legislature called the National Assembly (1935-74) and a political police known under various names: PVDE (1932-45), PIDE (1945-69),

   and DGS (1969-74). Other defenders of the Estado Novo security were paramilitary organizations such as the National Republican Guard (GNR); the Portuguese Legion (PL); and the Portuguese Youth [Movement]. In addition to censorship of the media, theater, and books, there was political repression and a deliberate policy of depoliticization. All political parties except for the approved movement of regime loyalists, the União Nacional or (National Union), were banned.

   The most vigorous and more popular period of the New State was 1932-44, when the basic structures were established. Never monolithic or entirely the work of one person (Salazar), the New State was constructed with the assistance of several dozen top associates who were mainly academics from law schools, some technocrats with specialized skills, and a handful of trusted career military officers. The 1933 Constitution declared Portugal to be a "unitary, corporative Republic," and pressures to restore the monarchy were resisted. Although some of the regime's followers were fascists and pseudofascists, many more were conservative Catholics, integralists, nationalists, and monarchists of different varieties, and even some reactionary republicans. If the New State was authoritarian, it was not totalitarian and, unlike fascism in Benito Mussolini's Italy or Adolf Hitler's Germany, it usually employed the minimum of violence necessary to defeat what remained a largely fractious, incoherent opposition.

   With the tumultuous Second Republic and the subsequent civil war in nearby Spain, the regime felt threatened and reinforced its defenses. During what Salazar rightly perceived as a time of foreign policy crisis for Portugal (1936-45), he assumed control of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From there, he pursued four basic foreign policy objectives: supporting the Nationalist rebels of General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) and concluding defense treaties with a triumphant Franco; ensuring that General Franco in an exhausted Spain did not enter World War II on the Axis side; maintaining Portuguese neutrality in World War II with a post-1942 tilt toward the Allies, including granting Britain and the United States use of bases in the Azores Islands; and preserving and protecting Portugal's Atlantic Islands and its extensive, if poor, overseas empire in Africa and Asia.

   During the middle years of the New State (1944-58), many key Salazar associates in government either died or resigned, and there was greater social unrest in the form of unprecedented strikes and clandestine Communist activities, intensified opposition, and new threatening international pressures on Portugal's overseas empire. During the earlier phase of the Cold War (1947-60), Portugal became a steadfast, if weak, member of the US-dominated North Atlantic Treaty Organization alliance and, in 1955, with American support, Portugal joined the United Nations (UN). Colonial affairs remained a central concern of the regime. As of 1939, Portugal was the third largest colonial power in the world and possessed territories in tropical Africa (Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, and São Tomé and Príncipe Islands) and the remnants of its 16th-century empire in Asia (Goa, Damão, Diu, East Timor, and Macau). Beginning in the early 1950s, following the independence of India in 1947, Portugal resisted Indian pressures to decolonize Portuguese India and used police forces to discourage internal opposition in its Asian and African colonies.

   The later years of the New State (1958-68) witnessed the aging of the increasingly isolated but feared Salazar and new threats both at home and overseas. Although the regime easily overcame the brief oppositionist threat from rival presidential candidate General Humberto Delgado in the spring of 1958, new developments in the African and Asian empires imperiled the authoritarian system. In February 1961, oppositionists hijacked the Portuguese ocean liner Santa Maria and, in following weeks, African insurgents in northern Angola, although they failed to expel the Portuguese, gained worldwide media attention, discredited the New State, and began the 13-year colonial war. After thwarting a dissident military coup against his continued leadership, Salazar and his ruling group mobilized military repression in Angola and attempted to develop the African colonies at a faster pace in order to ensure Portuguese control. Meanwhile, the other European colonial powers (Britain, France, Belgium, and Spain) rapidly granted political independence to their African territories.

   At the time of Salazar's removal from power in September 1968, following a stroke, Portugal's efforts to maintain control over its colonies appeared to be successful. President Americo Tomás appointed Dr. Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor as prime minister. While maintaining the New State's basic structures, and continuing the regime's essential colonial policy, Caetano attempted wider reforms in colonial administration and some devolution of power from Lisbon, as well as more freedom of expression in Lisbon. Still, a great deal of the budget was devoted to supporting the wars against the insurgencies in Africa. Meanwhile in Asia, Portuguese India had fallen when the Indian army invaded in December 1961. The loss of Goa was a psychological blow to the leadership of the New State, and of the Asian empire only East Timor and Macau remained.

   The Caetano years (1968-74) were but a hiatus between the waning Salazar era and a new regime. There was greater political freedom and rapid economic growth (5-6 percent annually to late 1973), but Caetano's government was unable to reform the old system thoroughly and refused to consider new methods either at home or in the empire. In the end, regime change came from junior officers of the professional military who organized the Armed Forces Movement (MFA) against the Caetano government. It was this group of several hundred officers, mainly in the army and navy, which engineered a largely bloodless coup in Lisbon on 25 April 1974. Their unexpected action brought down the 48-year-old New State and made possible the eventual establishment and consolidation of democratic governance in Portugal, as well as a reorientation of the country away from the Atlantic toward Europe.

   Revolution of Carnations, 1974-76

   Following successful military operations of the Armed Forces Movement against the Caetano government, Portugal experienced what became known as the "Revolution of Carnations." It so happened that during the rainy week of the military golpe, Lisbon flower shops were featuring carnations, and the revolutionaries and their supporters adopted the red carnation as the common symbol of the event, as well as of the new freedom from dictatorship. The MFA, whose leaders at first were mostly little-known majors and captains, proclaimed a three-fold program of change for the new Portugal: democracy; decolonization of the overseas empire, after ending the colonial wars; and developing a backward economy in the spirit of opportunity and equality. During the first 24 months after the coup, there was civil strife, some anarchy, and a power struggle. With the passing of the Estado Novo, public euphoria burst forth as the new provisional military government proclaimed the freedoms of speech, press, and assembly, and abolished censorship, the political police, the Portuguese Legion, Portuguese Youth, and other New State organizations, including the National Union. Scores of political parties were born and joined the senior political party, the Portuguese Community Party (PCP), and the Socialist Party (PS), founded shortly before the coup.

   Portugal's Revolution of Carnations went through several phases. There was an attempt to take control by radical leftists, including the PCP and its allies. This was thwarted by moderate officers in the army, as well as by the efforts of two political parties: the PS and the Social Democrats (PPD, later PSD). The first phase was from April to September 1974. Provisional president General Antonio Spínola, whose 1974 book Portugal and the Future had helped prepare public opinion for the coup, met irresistible leftist pressures. After Spinola's efforts to avoid rapid decolonization of the African empire failed, he resigned in September 1974. During the second phase, from September 1974 to March 1975, radical military officers gained control, but a coup attempt by General Spínola and his supporters in Lisbon in March 1975 failed and Spínola fled to Spain.

   In the third phase of the Revolution, March-November 1975, a strong leftist reaction followed. Farm workers occupied and "nationalized" 1.1 million hectares of farmland in the Alentejo province, and radical military officers in the provisional government ordered the nationalization of Portuguese banks (foreign banks were exempted), utilities, and major industries, or about 60 percent of the economic system. There were power struggles among various political parties — a total of 50 emerged—and in the streets there was civil strife among labor, military, and law enforcement groups. A constituent assembly, elected on 25 April 1975, in Portugal's first free elections since 1926, drafted a democratic constitution. The Council of the Revolution (CR), briefly a revolutionary military watchdog committee, was entrenched as part of the government under the constitution, until a later revision. During the chaotic year of 1975, about 30 persons were killed in political frays while unstable provisional governments came and went. On 25 November 1975, moderate military forces led by Colonel Ramalho Eanes, who later was twice elected president of the republic (1976 and 1981), defeated radical, leftist military groups' revolutionary conspiracies.

   In the meantime, Portugal's scattered overseas empire experienced a precipitous and unprepared decolonization. One by one, the former colonies were granted and accepted independence—Guinea-Bissau (September 1974), Cape Verde Islands (July 1975), and Mozambique (July 1975). Portugal offered to turn over Macau to the People's Republic of China, but the offer was refused then and later negotiations led to the establishment of a formal decolonization or hand-over date of 1999. But in two former colonies, the process of decolonization had tragic results.

   In Angola, decolonization negotiations were greatly complicated by the fact that there were three rival nationalist movements in a struggle for power. The January 1975 Alvor Agreement signed by Portugal and these three parties was not effectively implemented. A bloody civil war broke out in Angola in the spring of 1975 and, when Portuguese armed forces withdrew and declared that Angola was independent on 11 November 1975, the bloodshed only increased. Meanwhile, most of the white Portuguese settlers from Angola and Mozambique fled during the course of 1975. Together with African refugees, more than 600,000 of these retornados ("returned ones") went by ship and air to Portugal and thousands more to Namibia, South Africa, Brazil, Canada, and the United States.

   The second major decolonization disaster was in Portugal's colony of East Timor in the Indonesian archipelago. Portugal's capacity to supervise and control a peaceful transition to independence in this isolated, neglected colony was limited by the strength of giant Indonesia, distance from Lisbon, and Portugal's revolutionary disorder and inability to defend Timor. In early December 1975, before Portugal granted formal independence and as one party, FRETILIN, unilaterally declared East Timor's independence, Indonesia's armed forces invaded, conquered, and annexed East Timor. Indonesian occupation encountered East Timorese resistance, and a heavy loss of life followed. The East Timor question remained a contentious international issue in the UN, as well as in Lisbon and Jakarta, for more than 20 years following Indonesia's invasion and annexation of the former colony of Portugal. Major changes occurred, beginning in 1998, after Indonesia underwent a political revolution and allowed a referendum in East Timor to decide that territory's political future in August 1999. Most East Timorese chose independence, but Indonesian forces resisted that verdict until

   UN intervention in September 1999. Following UN rule for several years, East Timor attained full independence on 20 May 2002.

   Consolidation of Democracy, 1976-2000

   After several free elections and record voter turnouts between 25 April 1975 and June 1976, civil war was averted and Portugal's second democratic republic began to stabilize. The MFA was dissolved, the military were returned to the barracks, and increasingly elected civilians took over the government of the country. The 1976 Constitution was revised several times beginning in 1982 and 1989, in order to reempha-size the principle of free enterprise in the economy while much of the large, nationalized sector was privatized. In June 1976, General Ram-alho Eanes was elected the first constitutional president of the republic (five-year term), and he appointed socialist leader Dr. Mário Soares as prime minister of the first constitutional government.

   From 1976 to 1985, Portugal's new system featured a weak economy and finances, labor unrest, and administrative and political instability. The difficult consolidation of democratic governance was eased in part by the strong currency and gold reserves inherited from the Estado Novo, but Lisbon seemed unable to cope with high unemployment, new debt, the complex impact of the refugees from Africa, world recession, and the agitation of political parties. Four major parties emerged from the maelstrom of 1974-75, except for the Communist Party, all newly founded. They were, from left to right, the Communists (PCP); the Socialists (PS), who managed to dominate governments and the legislature but not win a majority in the Assembly of the Republic; the Social Democrats (PSD); and the Christian Democrats (CDS). During this period, the annual growth rate was low (l-2 percent), and the nationalized sector of the economy stagnated.

   Enhanced economic growth, greater political stability, and more effective central government as of 1985, and especially 1987, were due to several developments. In 1977, Portugal applied for membership in the European Economic Community (EEC), now the European Union (EU) since 1993. In January 1986, with Spain, Portugal was granted membership, and economic and financial progress in the intervening years has been significantly influenced by the comparatively large investment, loans, technology, advice, and other assistance from the EEC. Low unemployment, high annual growth rates (5 percent), and moderate inflation have also been induced by the new political and administrative stability in Lisbon. Led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva, an economist who was trained abroad, the PSD's strong organization, management, and electoral support since 1985 have assisted in encouraging economic recovery and development. In 1985, the PSD turned the PS out of office and won the general election, although they did not have an absolute majority of assembly seats. In 1986, Mário Soares was elected president of the republic, the first civilian to hold that office since the First Republic. In the elections of 1987 and 1991, however, the PSD was returned to power with clear majorities of over 50 percent of the vote.

   Although the PSD received 50.4 percent of the vote in the 1991 parliamentary elections and held a 42-seat majority in the Assembly of the Republic, the party began to lose public support following media revelations regarding corruption and complaints about Prime Minister Cavaco Silva's perceived arrogant leadership style. President Mário Soares voiced criticism of the PSD's seemingly untouchable majority and described a "tyranny of the majority." Economic growth slowed down. In the parliamentary elections of 1995 and the presidential election of 1996, the PSD's dominance ended for the time being. Prime Minister Antônio Guterres came to office when the PS won the October 1995 elections, and in the subsequent presidential contest, in January 1996, socialist Jorge Sampaio, the former mayor of Lisbon, was elected president of the republic, thus defeating Cavaco Silva's bid. Young and popular, Guterres moved the PS toward the center of the political spectrum. Under Guterres, the PS won the October 1999 parliamentary elections. The PS defeated the PSD but did not manage to win a clear, working majority of seats, and this made the PS dependent upon alliances with smaller parties, including the PCP.

   In the local elections in December 2001, the PSD's criticism of PS's heavy public spending allowed the PSD to take control of the key cities of Lisbon, Oporto, and Coimbra. Guterres resigned, and parliamentary elections were brought forward from 2004 to March 2002. The PSD won a narrow victory with 40 percent of the votes, and Jose Durão Barroso became prime minister. Having failed to win a majority of the seats in parliament forced the PSD to govern in coalition with the right-wing Popular Party (PP) led by Paulo Portas. Durão Barroso set about reducing government spending by cutting the budgets of local authorities, freezing civil service hiring, and reviving the economy by accelerating privatization of state-owned enterprises. These measures provoked a 24-hour strike by public-sector workers. Durão Barroso reacted with vows to press ahead with budget-cutting measures and imposed a wage freeze on all employees earning more than €1,000, which affected more than one-half of Portugal's work force.

   In June 2004, Durão Barroso was invited by Romano Prodi to succeed him as president of the European Commission. Durão Barroso accepted and resigned the prime ministership in July. Pedro Santana Lopes, the leader of the PSD, became prime minister. Already unpopular at the time of Durão Barroso's resignation, the PSD-led government became increasingly unpopular under Santana Lopes. A month-long delay in the start of the school year and confusion over his plan to cut taxes and raise public-sector salaries, eroded confidence even more. By November, Santana Lopes's government was so unpopular that President Jorge Sampaio was obliged to dissolve parliament and hold new elections, two years ahead of schedule.

   Parliamentary elections were held on 20 February 2005. The PS, which had promised the electorate disciplined and transparent governance, educational reform, the alleviation of poverty, and a boost in employment, won 45 percent of the vote and the majority of the seats in parliament. The leader of the PS, José Sôcrates became prime minister on 12 March 2005. In the regularly scheduled presidential elections held on 6 January 2006, the former leader of the PSD and prime minister, Aníbal Cavaco Silva, won a narrow victory and became president on 9 March 2006. With a mass protest, public teachers' strike, and street demonstrations in March 2008, Portugal's media, educational, and social systems experienced more severe pressures. With the spreading global recession beginning in September 2008, Portugal's economic and financial systems became more troubled.

    Contemporary Portugal

   Owing to its geographic location on the southwestern most edge of continental Europe, Portugal has been historically in but not of Europe. Almost from the beginning of its existence in the 12th century as an independent monarchy, Portugal turned its back on Europe and oriented itself toward the Atlantic Ocean. After carving out a Christian kingdom on the western portion of the Iberian peninsula, Portuguese kings gradually built and maintained a vast seaborne global empire that became central to the way Portugal understood its individuality as a nation-state. While the creation of this empire allows Portugal to claim an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions in world and Western history, it also retarded Portugal's economic, social, and political development. It can be reasonably argued that the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was the most decisive event in Portugal's long history because it finally ended Portugal's oceanic mission and view of itself as an imperial power. After the 1974 Revolution, Portugal turned away from its global mission and vigorously reoriented itself toward Europe. Contemporary Portugal is now both in and of Europe.

   The turn toward Europe began immediately after 25 April 1974. Portugal granted independence to its African colonies in 1975. It was admitted to the European Council and took the first steps toward accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1976. On 28 March 1977, the Portuguese government officially applied for EEC membership. Because of Portugal's economic and social backwardness, which would require vast sums of EEC money to overcome, negotiations for membership were long and difficult. Finally, a treaty of accession was signed on 12 June 1985. Portugal officially joined the EEC (the European Union [EU] since 1993) on 1 January 1986. Since becoming a full-fledged member of the EU, Portugal has been steadily overcoming the economic and social underdevelopment caused by its imperial past and is becoming more like the rest of Europe.

   Membership in the EU has speeded up the structural transformation of Portugal's economy, which actually began during the Estado Novo. Investments made by the Estado Novo in Portugal's economy began to shift employment out of the agricultural sector, which, in 1950, accounted for 50 percent of Portugal's economically active population. Today, only 10 percent of the economically active population is employed in the agricultural sector (the highest among EU member states); 30 percent in the industrial sector (also the highest among EU member states); and 60 percent in the service sector (the lowest among EU member states). The economically active population numbers about 5,000,000 employed, 56 percent of whom are women. Women workers are the majority of the workforce in the agricultural and service sectors (the highest among the EU member states). The expansion of the service sector has been primarily in health care and education. Portugal has had the lowest unemployment rates among EU member states, with the overall rate never being more than 10 percent of the active population. Since joining the EU, the number of employers increased from 2.6 percent to 5.8 percent of the active population; self-employed from 16 to 19 percent; and employees from 65 to 70 percent. Twenty-six percent of the employers are women. Unemployment tends to hit younger workers in industry and transportation, women employed in domestic service, workers on short-term contracts, and poorly educated workers. Salaried workers earn only 63 percent of the EU average, and hourly workers only one-third to one-half of that earned by their EU counterparts. Despite having had the second highest growth of gross national product (GNP) per inhabitant (after Ireland) among EU member states, the above data suggest that while much has been accomplished in terms of modernizing the Portuguese economy, much remains to be done to bring Portugal's economy up to the level of the "average" EU member state.

   Membership in the EU has also speeded up changes in Portuguese society. Over the last 30 years, coastalization and urbanization have intensified. Fully 50 percent of Portuguese live in the coastal urban conurbations of Lisbon, Oporto, Braga, Aveiro, Coimbra, Viseu, Évora, and Faro. The Portuguese population is one of the oldest among EU member states (17.3 percent are 65 years of age or older) thanks to a considerable increase in life expectancy at birth (77.87 years for the total population, 74.6 years for men, 81.36 years for women) and one of the lowest birthrates (10.59 births/1,000) in Europe. Family size averages 2.8 persons per household, with the strict nuclear family (one or two generations) in which both parents work being typical. Common law marriages, cohabitating couples, and single-parent households are more and more common. The divorce rate has also increased. "Youth Culture" has developed. The young have their own meeting places, leisure-time activities, and nightlife (bars, clubs, and discos).

   All Portuguese citizens, whether they have contributed or not, have a right to an old-age pension, invalidity benefits, widowed persons' pension, as well as payments for disabilities, children, unemployment, and large families. There is a national minimum wage (€385 per month), which is low by EU standards. The rapid aging of Portugal's population has changed the ratio of contributors to pensioners to 1.7, the lowest in the EU. This has created deficits in Portugal's social security fund.

   The adult literacy rate is about 92 percent. Illiteracy is still found among the elderly. Although universal compulsory education up to grade 9 was achieved in 1980, only 21.2 percent of the population aged 25-64 had undergone secondary education, compared to an EU average of 65.7 percent. Portugal's higher education system currently consists of 14 state universities and 14 private universities, 15 state polytechnic institutions, one Catholic university, and one military academy. All in all, Portugal spends a greater percentage of its state budget on education than most EU member states. Despite this high level of expenditure, the troubled Portuguese education system does not perform well. Early leaving and repetition rates are among the highest among EU member states.

   After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Portugal created a National Health Service, which today consists of 221 hospitals and 512 medical centers employing 33,751 doctors and 41,799 nurses. Like its education system, Portugal's medical system is inefficient. There are long waiting lists for appointments with specialists and for surgical procedures.

   Structural changes in Portugal's economy and society mean that social life in Portugal is not too different from that in other EU member states. A mass consumption society has been created. Televisions, telephones, refrigerators, cars, music equipment, mobile phones, and personal computers are commonplace. Sixty percent of Portuguese households possess at least one automobile, and 65 percent of Portuguese own their own home. Portuguese citizens are more aware of their legal rights than ever before. This has resulted in a trebling of the number of legal proceeding since 1960 and an eight-fold increase in the number of lawyers. In general, Portuguese society has become more permissive and secular; the Catholic Church and the armed forces are much less influential than in the past. Portugal's population is also much more culturally, religiously, and ethnically diverse, a consequence of the coming to Portugal of hundreds of thousands of immigrants, mainly from former African colonies.

   Portuguese are becoming more cosmopolitan and sophisticated through the impact of world media, the Internet, and the World Wide Web. A prime case in point came in the summer and early fall of 1999, with the extraordinary events in East Timor and the massive Portuguese popular responses. An internationally monitored referendum in East Timor, Portugal's former colony in the Indonesian archipelago and under Indonesian occupation from late 1975 to summer 1999, resulted in a vote of 78.5 percent for rejecting integration with Indonesia and for independence. When Indonesian prointegration gangs, aided by the Indonesian military, responded to the referendum with widespread brutality and threatened to reverse the verdict of the referendum, there was a spontaneous popular outpouring of protest in the cities and towns of Portugal. An avalanche of Portuguese e-mail fell on leaders and groups in the UN and in certain countries around the world as Portugal's diplomats, perhaps to compensate for the weak initial response to Indonesian armed aggression in 1975, called for the protection of East Timor as an independent state and for UN intervention to thwart Indonesian action. Using global communications networks, the Portuguese were able to mobilize UN and world public opinion against Indonesian actions and aided the eventual independence of East Timor on 20 May 2002.

   From the Revolution of 25 April 1974 until the 1990s, Portugal had a large number of political parties, one of the largest Communist parties in western Europe, frequent elections, and endemic cabinet instability. Since the 1990s, the number of political parties has been dramatically reduced and cabinet stability increased. Gradually, the Portuguese electorate has concentrated around two larger parties, the right-of-center Social Democrats (PSD) and the left-of-center Socialist (PS). In the 1980s, these two parties together garnered 65 percent of the vote and 70 percent of the seats in parliament. In 2005, these percentages had risen to 74 percent and 85 percent, respectively. In effect, Portugal is currently a two-party dominant system in which the two largest parties — PS and PSD—alternate in and out of power, not unlike the rotation of the two main political parties (the Regenerators and the Historicals) during the last decades (1850s to 1880s) of the liberal constitutional monarchy. As Portugal's democracy has consolidated, turnout rates for the eligible electorate have declined. In the 1970s, turnout was 85 percent. In Portugal's most recent parliamentary election (2005), turnout had fallen to 65 percent of the eligible electorate.

   Portugal has benefited greatly from membership in the EU, and whatever doubts remain about the price paid for membership, no Portuguese government in the near future can afford to sever this connection. The vast majority of Portuguese citizens see membership in the EU as a "good thing" and strongly believe that Portugal has benefited from membership. Only the Communist Party opposed membership because it reduces national sovereignty, serves the interests of capitalists not workers, and suffers from a democratic deficit. Despite the high level of support for the EU, Portuguese voters are increasingly not voting in elections for the European Parliament, however. Turnout for European Parliament elections fell from 40 percent of the eligible electorate in the 1999 elections to 38 percent in the 2004 elections.

   In sum, Portugal's turn toward Europe has done much to overcome its backwardness. However, despite the economic, social, and political progress made since 1986, Portugal has a long way to go before it can claim to be on a par with the level found even in Spain, much less the rest of western Europe. As Portugal struggles to move from underde-velopment, especially in the rural areas away from the coast, it must keep in mind the perils of too rapid modern development, which could damage two of its most precious assets: its scenery and environment. The growth and future prosperity of the economy will depend on the degree to which the government and the private sector will remain stewards of clean air, soil, water, and other finite resources on which the tourism industry depends and on which Portugal's world image as a unique place to visit rests. Currently, Portugal is investing heavily in renewable energy from solar, wind, and wave power in order to account for about 50 percent of its electricity needs by 2010. Portugal opened the world's largest solar power plant and the world's first commercial wave power farm in 2006.

   An American documentary film on Portugal produced in the 1970s described this little country as having "a Past in Search of a Future." In the years after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, it could be said that Portugal is now living in "a Present in Search of a Future." Increasingly, that future lies in Europe as an active and productive member of the EU.

Historical dictionary of Portugal > Historical Portugal
18 occupare

spazio take up, occupy

tempo occupy, fill

posto have, hold

persona keep busy

di esercizio occupy

* * *

occupare v.tr.

1 ( prendere possesso) to occupy, to take* possession of (sthg.): occupare un edificio, to take possession of a building; occupare il suolo pubblico, to occupy public property; occupare abusivamente una casa vuota, to squat in an empty house; le famiglie sfrattate hanno occupato il palazzo, the evicted families have occupied the building; gli operai hanno occupato la fabbrica in segno di protesta, the workers occupied the factory as a gesture of protest; occupare una casa di due piani, ( abitare) to occupy (o to inhabit) a two-storey house; occupare un posto a sedere, to occupy a seat // (mil.) occupare una città, un paese, to occupy (o to take possession of) a town, a country

2 ( riempire uno spazio) to take* up: i libri occupano molto spazio, books take up a lot of room; una descrizione che occupa tutto il primo capitolo, a description that takes up the whole of the first chapter; molte preoccupazioni occupavano la sua mente, his mind was full of worries

3 ( il tempo) to occupy, to spend*: occupo il mio tempo studiando l'inglese, I spend my time studying English; questo lavoro mi occupa troppo tempo, this work takes up too much of my time; sa come occupare il tempo, he knows how to occupy his time

4 ( cariche, uffici) to occupy, to fill; to hold*: occupa la cattedra di inglese nella nostra università, he holds the chair of English at our university; occupare un posto di lavoro, una carica, to occupy a post; occupare un posto vacante, to fill a vacancy

5 ( ingaggiare, far lavorare) to employ, to engage, to take* on: occupare venti operai, to employ twenty workmen

6 ( tenere occupato) to keep* busy: l'insegnamento mi occupa tutta la giornata, teaching keeps me busy all day long; il suo lavoro lo occupa anche la domenica, his job keeps him busy even on Sunday.

◘ occuparsi v.intr.pron.

1 ( avere come occupazione) to be responsible for (sthg.), to do* (sthg.) as a job; ( avere come incarico) to deal* with (sthg.), to attend to (sthg.); ( commerciare) to deal* in (sthg.): si occupa del recupero crediti, he's responsible for recovery of debts; mi occupo di pubbliche relazioni, I attend to public relations; occupare dell'acquisto e della vendita delle merci, to attend to the buying and selling of goods; ci occupiamo di antiquariato, we deal in antiques

2 ( interessarsi) to be interested in; ( attivamente) to be involved in; ( con dedizione) to devote oneself to: mi occupo di moda, sport, I'm interested in fashion, sport; non si occupa più di politica, he is not involved in politics any more; occupare di opere di carità, to devote oneself to works of charity

3 ( prendersi cura, badare) to look after (s.o., sthg.); to see* to (s.o., sthg.): chi si occuperà del cane quest'estate?, who will look after the dog this summer?; mi occuperò io dei bambini, I'll look after the children; occupati delle bevande, io mi occuperò del cibo, you see to the drinks, I'll see to the food; puoi occuparti tu degli ospiti che sono appena arrivati?, can you see to the guests who've just arrived?

4 ( impicciarsi) to get* involved in (sthg.): non voglio assolutamente occuparmene, I do not want to have anything to do with it; occupati dei fatti tuoi, mind your own business

5 ( trovar lavoro) to find* a job, to get* a job, to be employed: si è occupato in un'industria farmaceutica, he has got a job in a farmaceutical company.

* * *
[okku'pare]
1. vt

(gen) Mil to occupy, (spazio, tempo) to occupy, take up, (casa) to live in, (carica) to hold, (manodopera) to employ

l'esercito ha occupato il paese — the army has occupied o taken over the country

la città è stata occupata durante la guerra — the city was occupied during the war

l'armadio occupa tutta la parete — the cupboard takes up the whole wall

lo sport mi occupa tutto il tempo libero — sport takes up all my spare time

gli studenti hanno occupato la scuola — the students have occupied the school

la casa è stata occupata (abusivamente) — the house has been taken over by squatters

2. vip (occuparsi)

1)

occuparsi di — (interessarsi) to be interested in, take an interest in, (prendersi cura) to take care of, look after, (impicciarsi) to interfere in, meddle in

potresti occuparti dei bambini? — could you look after the children?

si occupa di assicurazioni — he's in insurance

occupati dei fatti tuoi! — mind your own business!

2)

occuparsi in — (impiegarsi) to get a job in

* * *
[okku'pare] 1.
verbo transitivo

1) [ persona] to occupy [posto, cella]; to live in, to reside in [ casa]

occupare il sesto posto della classifica — to be sixth in the ranking

il monumento occupa il centro della piazza — the monument stands in the centre of the square

2) to take* up [spazio, volume]

il nuovo tavolo occupa tutta la stanza — the new table fills up the whole room

occupare il posto di due persone — to take up as much room as two people

3) (impegnare) to occupy [persona, mente]; to fill (up) [ tempo]

i miei studi mi occupano molto — my studies keep me very busy, my studies take up a lot of my time

occupare il proprio tempo facendo — to spend one's time doing

4) to hold* [impiego, posizione]; to fill [ carica]

5) (dare lavoro) to employ

6) [ scioperanti] to occupy; mil. [truppe, esercito] to occupy, to take* possession of

7) (illegalmente) to stage a sit-in at [ università]; to squat [ casa]
2.
verbo pronominale occuparsi

1) (provvedere a)

- rsi di — to take* care of, to see* to [cena, biglietti]; to deal* with [ spese]

2) (dedicare attenzione, lavoro)

- rsi di — to address, to cope with [problema, questione]; to deal* with [lamentele, emergenze, richieste, caso, situazioni]; [dipartimento, ufficiale] to handle [immigrazione, inchieste]

l'argomento di cui ci occupiamo oggi — the matter which we are dealing with today

non ho ancora avuto il tempo di occuparmene — I haven't got around to it yet

di cosa ti occupi? — what do you do?

3) (prendersi cura)

- rsi di — to look after, to take* care of, to see* to [bambino, animale]; to deal* with [paziente, clientela]; to take* care of [giardino, casa]

4) (essere incaricato di)

- rsi di — to be* in charge of [finanziamento, amministrazione]; to look after, to work with [ handicappati]; to mind [ negozio]; to be* involved in [affari, progetto]

- rsi di politica — to be in politics

5)

occupati degli affari tuoi — mind your own business

* * *

occupare

/okku'pare/ [1]

I verbo transitivo

1 [ persona] to occupy [posto, cella]; to live in, to reside in [ casa]; occupare il sesto posto della classifica to be sixth in the ranking; il monumento occupa il centro della piazza the monument stands in the centre of the square

2 to take* up [spazio, volume]; il nuovo tavolo occupa tutta la stanza the new table fills up the whole room; occupare il posto di due persone to take up as much room as two people

3 (impegnare) to occupy [persona, mente]; to fill (up) [ tempo]; i miei studi mi occupano molto my studies keep me very busy, my studies take up a lot of my time; occupare il proprio tempo facendo to spend one's time doing

4 to hold* [impiego, posizione]; to fill [ carica]

5 (dare lavoro) to employ

6 [ scioperanti] to occupy; mil. [truppe, esercito] to occupy, to take* possession of

7 (illegalmente) to stage a sit-in at [ università]; to squat [ casa]

II occuparsi verbo pronominale

1 (provvedere a) - rsi di to take* care of, to see* to [cena, biglietti]; to deal* with [ spese]

2 (dedicare attenzione, lavoro) - rsi di to address, to cope with [problema, questione]; to deal* with [lamentele, emergenze, richieste, caso, situazioni]; [dipartimento, ufficiale] to handle [immigrazione, inchieste]; l'argomento di cui ci occupiamo oggi the matter which we are dealing with today; non ho ancora avuto il tempo di occuparmene I haven't got around to it yet; di cosa ti occupi? what do you do?

3 (prendersi cura) - rsi di to look after, to take* care of, to see* to [bambino, animale]; to deal* with [paziente, clientela]; to take* care of [giardino, casa]

4 (essere incaricato di) - rsi di to be* in charge of [finanziamento, amministrazione]; to look after, to work with [ handicappati]; to mind [ negozio]; to be* involved in [affari, progetto]; - rsi di politica to be in politics

5 occupati degli affari tuoi mind your own business.

Dizionario Italiano-Inglese > occupare
19 tutto

1. adj whole

tutti, tutte pl all

tutto il libro the whole book

tutti i giorni every day

tutti e tre all three

noi tutti all of us

2. adv all

era tutto solo he was all alone

del tutto quite

in tutto altogether, in all

3. pron all

gente everybody, everyone

cose everything

lo ha mangiato tutto he ate it all

* * *

tutto agg.indef.

1 ( con riferimento a numero, quantità, estensione, durata) all; ( intero) (the) whole (of): tutto il mondo, all the (o the whole) world; tutta l'Italia, all (o the whole of) Italy; tutta la mia famiglia, all my (o my whole) family; tutto il giorno, all the day (o the whole day); tutto il mese, l'anno, all the (o the whole) month, year; ha speso tutto il suo denaro, he has spent all his money; abbiamo consumato tutta l'acqua, we have used up all the water; ho letto tutto il libro, I've read all the (o the whole) book; si è mangiato tutta ( quanta) la torta, he has eaten all the (o the whole) cake; tutto il traffico era bloccato, all the traffic was blocked; tutta la casa dev'essere ristrutturata, all the (o the whole) house needs rebuilding; abbiamo fatto tutta la strada di corsa, a piedi, we ran, walked all the way; ha lavorato tutta la vita, he worked all his life; ho passato tutto il tempo con loro, I spent all the time with them; l'ho fatto con tutto il cuore, I did it willingly (o with all my heart); ci ha messo tutta la sua buona volontà, he put all he'd got into it; devi dirmi tutta la verità, you must tell me the whole truth; tutta Parigi ne parla, all Paris is talking about it; tutta la città era in pericolo, the whole city was in danger; ha letto tutto Dante, he has read all (of) Dante's works; ha speso lo stipendio tutto intero, he has spent all his salary // in tutto il mondo, all over the world // per tutta la casa, all over the house; ha viaggiato per tutta l'Europa, he has travelled all over Europe // per tutto il giorno, all day long // per tutta la notte, l'inverno, all through (o throughout) the night, the winter; ha dormito per tutta la durata del film, he slept throughout (o all through) the film // Con uso predicativo: il pane è tutto in tavola, the bread is all on the table; il problema era tutto qui, that was all the problem; la difficoltà sta tutta nel cominciare, all the problem lies in how to start

2 pl. all (con costr. pl.); ( ogni) every; ( ciascuno) each (con costr. sing.): tutti gli uomini sono uguali, all men are equal; l'appello è rivolto a tutti i cittadini, the appeal is addressed to all (the) citizens; invitò tutti i suoi amici alla festa, he invited all his friends to the party; malgrado tutti i suoi difetti, la trovo simpatica, I like her despite all her faults; tutte le strade erano bloccate, all the roads were blocked; sono stati venduti tutti ( quanti) i biglietti, all the tickets were sold; da chi hai saputo tutte queste cose?, where did you learn all these things?; ci vediamo tutti i giorni, we see each other every day; tutti i partecipanti riceveranno un premio, all the participants will receive a prize (o everyone taking part will receive a prize); c'erano atleti di tutte le nazionalità, there were athletes of all nationalities (o of every nationality); riceve visite a tutte le ore, he receives visitors at all hours // tutti gli altri, all the others // tutti quanti, everyone // tutti e due i fratelli, both brothers; tutt'e tre, tutt'e quattro le sorelle, all three, all four sisters // noi tutti, we all (o all of us); voi tutti, you all (o all of you); tutti loro, (sogg.) they all (o all of them), (compl.) them all (o all of them) // Anche con uso predicativo: i bambini erano tutti a dormire, the children were all sleeping; le auto erano tutte straniere, the cars were all foreign ones

3 ( con valore di completamente) all; quite; completely: è tutto sbagliato, it's all wrong; se ne andò tutto felice, he went off as happy as could be (o he went off quite happily); sei tutto bagnato, you're all wet (o wet through); era tutto commosso, he was very moved.

◆ FRASEOLOGIA: a tutta forza, as hard as one can (o at full speed) // a tutta prova, well tried // a tutto spiano, a tutto andare, all out // a tutta velocità, at top (o full) speed // a tutt'oggi, up to the present (o until today o so far) // a tutto il 20 agosto, to 20th August inclusive // in tutta sincerità, in tutta onestà, in all sincerity, in all honesty // in tutta confidenza, quite frankly // di tutto punto, fully (o completely): essere vestito di tutto punto, to be fully dressed // è tutt'altra cosa, it's quite different // sono di tutt'altro parere, I disagree entirely // (mar.) tutta a dritta!, hard over!; avanti tutta!, full steam ahead!

tutto pron.indef.

1 ( ogni cosa) all; everything: tutto è finito, it's all over; era tutto deciso, it was all decided; va tutto bene?, is everything all right?; gli hai detto tutto?, did you tell him everything?; tutto era facile per lui, everything was easy for him; penserò a tutto io, I'll see to everything; nostro padre era tutto per noi, our father was everything to us; sa tutto, he knows everything; abbiamo speso tutto, we have spent everything; ha mangiato tutto ( quanto), he ate everything; gli ho dato tutto quello che avevo, I gave him all (o everything) I had; abbiamo parlato di tutto, we talked about everything; un po' di tutto, di tutto un po', a bit of everything; grazie di tutto!, thank you for everything! // mi ha detto di tutto!, he really gave it me! // prima di tutto, innanzi tutto, ( per prima cosa) first of all; ( in primo luogo) in the first place; ( soprattutto) above all // dopo tutto, after all // ecco tutto, questo è tutto, that's all // e non è tutto!, and that's not all! // o tutto o niente, all or nothing // tutto sommato, all in all // tutto sta che io arrivi in tempo, it all depends on my arriving in time // sa fare di tutto, he knows how to do everything; mangia di tutto, he eats anything and everything // essere capace di tutto, to be capable of anything // fare di tutto per..., to do everything one can do to...

2 pl. all (con costr. pl.); ( ognuno) everybody, everyone; ( ciascuno) each (one) (con costr. sing.): sono arrivati tutti insieme, they all arrived together; lo sanno tutti, everyone knows; non tutti la pensano come te, they don't all share your opinion; va d'accordo con tutti, he gets on well with everyone; qui conosco tutti uno per uno, I know each and every one here; alla cerimonia c'eravamo tutti, we were all at the ceremony; sono partiti tutti, they have all left; è opinione di tutti, it's everyone's opinion; tutti dicono che..., everyone says that...; ci sarà da bere per tutti, there will be drinks for everyone; verrà distribuita a tutti una scheda di partecipazione, a participation form will be distributed to everyone; ''Quanto costano questi impermeabili?'' ''Costano tutti sui 200 euro'', ''How much do these raincoats cost?'' ''They each cost (o each of them costs) about 200 euros // tutti e due ( noi, voi, loro), we, you, they both (o both of us, you, them) // tutti e tre, tutti e quattro, all three, all four: andarono tutti e quattro, all four of them went // zitti tutti!, everyone be quiet! // fermi tutti!, hold it!

◆ s.m. ( l'intero) whole; ( totale) total; ( ogni cosa) everything: il tutto costava sul mezzo milione, the whole (thing) came to about half a million lire; mescolate il tutto fino a ottenere una crema densa, mix everything to a thick cream; moltiplicare, dividere il tutto per mille, multiply, divide the total by a thousand; riceverete il tutto entro pochi giorni, you will receive everything in a few days' time // tentare il tutto per tutto, to risk everything on a single throw.

◆ FRASEOLOGIA: del tutto, in tutto e per tutto, quite (o completely): le sue conclusioni sono del tutto sbagliate, his conclusions are quite (o completely) wrong; la copia è in tutto e per tutto identica all'originale, the copy is absolutely identical to the original // in tutto, in all: siamo venti in tutto, there are twenty of us in all; quanto fa in tutto?, how much is it all together? (o in all?); sono 150 euro in tutto, it's 150 euros all together (o in all) // tutto intorno, all around // tutt'al più → tuttalpiù // tutt'altro!, on the contrary (o not at all)!: ''Sei stanco?'' ''Tutt'altro!'', ''Are you tired?'' ''Not at all''; tutt'altro che, anything but: è tutt'altro che onesto, he's anything but honest; ha fatto tutt'altro che studiare, he did anything but study // è tutto dire, that's saying a lot // con tutto che..., ( sebbene, malgrado) (al)though.

* * *
['tutto] tutto (-a)
1. agg

1) (intero) all (of), the whole (of)

ha letto tutto Dante — he has read all of Dante

tutta l' Europa — the whole of o all Europe

ho tutta la sua fiducia — I have his complete confidence

ha studiato tutto il giorno — he studied the whole day o all day long

famoso in tutto il mondo — world-famous, famous the world over

rimanere sveglio tutta la notte — to stay awake all night (long)

a tutt' oggi — so far, up till now

si diffuse in tutto il paese — it spread through the whole country

sarò qui tutta la settimana — I'll be here all week o the whole week

tutta una bottiglia — a whole bottle

tutta la verità — the whole truth

2)

(proprio) è tutt' altra cosa; è tutta un' altra cosa — (è ben diverso) that's quite another thing

viaggiare in aereo è tutt' altra cosa — (è meglio) travelling by plane is altogether different

è tutta sua madre — she's just o exactly like her mother

è tutto l' opposto di... — it's the exact opposite of...

3)

(completamente) era tutta contenta — she was overjoyed

è tutta gambe e braccia — she's all arms and legs

è tutto naso — he's got a big nose

essere tutt' occhi — to be all eyes

essere tutt' orecchi — to be all ears

è tutta presa dal suo lavoro — she's completely o entirely taken up by her work

era tutta sorrisi e sorrisetti — she was all smiles

tremava tutto — he was trembling all over

era tutta vestita di nero — she was dressed all in black

4) (plurale, collettivo) all

tutti gli animali — all animals

tutte queste cose — all these things

in tutte le direzioni — in all directions, in every direction

tutti e cinque — all five of us (o them)

tutti e due — both o each of us (o them)

con tutti i pensieri che ho — worried as I am, with all my worries

tutti i posti erano occupati — all the seats were o every seat was occupied

tutti i ragazzi — all the boys

tutti gli uomini — all men

una volta per tutte — once and for all

5) (qualsiasi) all

a tutti i costi — at all costs

in tutti i modi — (a qualsiasi costo) at all costs, (comunque) anyway

telefona a tutte le ore — she phones at all hours

6)

(ogni) tutti gli anni — every year

tutti i santi giorni — every blessed day

tutti i venerdì — every Friday

tutte le volte che — every time (that)

7)

(fraseologia) con tutta l' anima — wholeheartedly

con tutto il cuore — wholeheartedly

la sua fedeltà è a tutta prova — his loyalty is unshakeable o will stand any test

per me è tutt' uno — it's all one and the same to me

a tutta velocità — at full o top speed

con tutta la mia buona volontà, non posso aiutarti — however much I may want to, I can't help you

2. pron

1) (ogni cosa) everything, all, (qualunque cosa) anything

ha fatto (un po') di tutto — he's done (a bit of) everything

essere capace di tutto — to be capable of anything

mangia di tutto — he eats anything

farebbe di tutto per ferirti — he would do anything to hurt you

dimmi tutto — tell me everything

tutto dipende da lui — everything o it all depends on him

tutto è in ordine — everything's in order

questo è tutto quello che ho — this is all I have

tutto sta a vedere se... — it all depends on whether or not...

tutto sta nel cominciare — the essential o important thing is to get started

2)

(fraseologia) tutto compreso — inclusive, all-in Brit

questo è tutto — that's all (I have to say)

con tutto che — (malgrado) although

tutto considerato — all things considered

...che è tutto dire —... and that's saying a lot

ecco tutto — that's all (I have to say)

in tutto — (complessivamente) in all

in tutto sono 180 euro — that's 180 euros in all

in tutto e per tutto — (completamente) entirely, completely

dipende in tutto e per tutto dai suoi — he is entirely o completely dependent on his parents

innanzi tutto — first of all

e non è tutto — and that's not all

prima di tutto — first of all

tutto sommato — all things considered

3.

tutti(e) sm/fpl — (tutte le persone) all (of them), (ognuno) everybody

erano tutti presenti — everybody was o they were all present

vengono tutti — they are all coming, everybody's coming

tutti quanti — all and sundry

4. avv

1) (completamente) entirely, quite, completely

è tutto il contrario — it's quite o exactly the opposite

è tutto il contrario di ciò che credi — it's not what you think at all

fa tutto il contrario di quello che gli dico — he does the exact opposite of what I tell him to do

del tutto — completely

non sono del tutto convinto/sicuro — I'm not entirely convinced/sure

è tutto l' opposto — it's quite o exactly the opposite

2)

(fraseologia) saranno stati tutt' al più una cinquantina — there were about fifty of them at (the very) most

tutt' al più possiamo prendere un treno — if the worst comes to the worst we can catch a train

tutt' altro — (al contrario) on the contrary, (affatto) not at all

tutt' altro che felice — anything but happy

tutt' intorno — all around

tutto a un tratto — all of a sudden, suddenly

5. sm

(l'insieme) il tutto — the whole lot, all of it

il tutto costa 550 euro — the whole thing o lot costs 550 euros

vi manderemo il tutto nel corso della settimana — we'll send you the (whole) lot during the course of the week

il tutto si è risolto in bene — everything turned out for the best

rischiare il tutto per tutto — to risk everything

* * *
['tutto] 1.
aggettivo indefinito

1) all; (intero) whole

tutto il denaro — all the money

- a la storia — the whole story

con tutto il mio affetto — (nelle lettere) all my love

tutto l'anno — all year round

(per) tutto il giorno, la notte — all day, night long

(per) tutto il tempo — all the time

per -a la sua vita — all o throughout his life, in his whole life

(per) tutto l'inverno — throughout the winter

lungo tutto il fiume — all along the river

- a Roma ne parla — the whole of Rome is talking about it

in o per tutto il paese — throughout o all over the country

2) (seguito da pronome dimostrativo)

è tutto quello che so — that's all I know

tutt'altro che — anything but

tutt'altro! — not at all!

3) (completo)

in -a onestà — in all honesty

in -a franchezza... — to be perfectly frank...

con tutto il rispetto — with all due respect

per -a risposta si mise a ridere — her only answer was to laugh

4) (compreso)

a tutt'oggi — up to the present, until today

5) (con uso avverbiale, enfatico)

tutto solo — all alone o on one's own

tutto bagnato — all wet

tutto sbagliato — completely wrong

tutt'intorno — all around

ha un appartamento tutto suo — he's got a flat of his own

è tutto tuo — it's all yours

è -a un'altra faccenda — that's another matter altogether

è tutto sua madre — he looks just like his mother
2.
pronome

1) all; (ogni cosa) everything; (qualsiasi cosa) anything

rischiare tutto — to risk all

è tutto a posto? — is everything all right?

si è inventato tutto — he made the whole thing up

tutto sta a indicare che — all the indications are that

è tutto — that's all

è tutto qui? — will that be all?

è tutto fuorché intelligente — he's anything but intelligent

mangerebbe di tutto — he'd eat anything

è capace di tutto — he is capable of anything

prima di tutto — first of all

50 in tutto — 50 in all

quanto fa in tutto? — how much is that altogether?

è un gentiluomo in tutto e per tutto — he's every inch a gentleman

si assomigliano in tutto e per tutto — they are alike in every way

tutto sommato — all in all

è tutto dire — that says it all

2) (in espressioni ellittiche)

provarle -e — to try everything

mettercela -a — to try hard

le pensa -e — he knows all the tricks

3) del tutto altogether, perfectly, quite

è del tutto naturale — it's quite natural

l'operazione non è del tutto riuscita — the operation is not entirely successful
3.
sostantivo maschile whole

vendere il tutto per 50 euro — to sell the whole (thing) for 50 euros

rischiare il tutto per tutto — to go for broke
4.
aggettivo indefinito plurale tutti

1) all; (ogni) every; (ciascuno) each; (qualsiasi) any

- i gli uomini nascono uguali — all men are born equal

a -e le ore — at all hours

- i i pomeriggi — every afternoon

in -i i modi — in every way

- e le volte che faccio — each time I do

a -i i costi — at all costs, at any cost

2) (con pronomi personali)

- i noi o noi -i vogliamo we all o all of us want; di' a -i loro cosa è accaduto — tell them all what happened
5.
pronome indefinito plurale tutti all; (ognuno) everybody, everyone; (ciascuno) each (one)

grazie a -i — thank you all

parlavano -i insieme — they were talking all together o all at once

non -i sono venuti — not all of them came

- i quanti sbagliamo — we all make mistakes

uscirono -i e due — they both left

andremo -i e tre — all three of us will go

- i gli altri — everybody else

ascoltate -i! — listen everybody!

lo sanno -i — everybody knows that

ho ringraziato -i — I thanked each of them

* * *

tutto

/'tutto/

I aggettivo indefinito

1 all; (intero) whole; tutto il denaro all the money; - a la storia the whole story; con tutto il mio affetto (nelle lettere) all my love; tutto l'anno all year round; (per) tutto il giorno, la notte all day, night long; (per) tutto il tempo all the time; per -a la sua vita all o throughout his life, in his whole life; (per) tutto l'inverno throughout the winter; lungo tutto il fiume all along the river; - a Roma ne parla the whole of Rome is talking about it; in o per tutto il paese throughout o all over the country

2 (seguito da pronome dimostrativo) è tutto quello che so that's all I know; tutt'altro che anything but; tutt'altro! not at all!

3 (completo) in -a onestà in all honesty; in -a franchezza... to be perfectly frank...; con tutto il rispetto with all due respect; per -a risposta si mise a ridere her only answer was to laugh

4 (compreso) a tutt'oggi up to the present, until today

5 (con uso avverbiale, enfatico) tutto solo all alone o on one's own; tutto bagnato all wet; tutto sbagliato completely wrong; tutt'intorno all around; ha un appartamento tutto suo he's got a flat of his own; è tutto tuo it's all yours; è -a un'altra faccenda that's another matter altogether; è tutto sua madre he looks just like his mother

II pronome

1 all; (ogni cosa) everything; (qualsiasi cosa) anything; rischiare tutto to risk all; è tutto a posto? is everything all right? si è inventato tutto he made the whole thing up; tutto sta a indicare che all the indications are that; è tutto that's all; è tutto qui? will that be all? è tutto fuorché intelligente he's anything but intelligent; mangerebbe di tutto he'd eat anything; è capace di tutto he is capable of anything; prima di tutto first of all; 50 in tutto 50 in all; quanto fa in tutto? how much is that altogether? è un gentiluomo in tutto e per tutto he's every inch a gentleman; si assomigliano in tutto e per tutto they are alike in every way; tutto sommato all in all; è tutto dire that says it all

2 (in espressioni ellittiche) provarle -e to try everything; mettercela -a to try hard; le pensa -e he knows all the tricks

3 del tutto altogether, perfectly, quite; è del tutto naturale it's quite natural; l'operazione non è del tutto riuscita the operation is not entirely successful

III sostantivo m.

whole; vendere il tutto per 50 euro to sell the whole (thing) for 50 euros; rischiare il tutto per tutto to go for broke

IV tutti agg.ind.pl.

1 all; (ogni) every; (ciascuno) each; (qualsiasi) any; - i gli uomini nascono uguali all men are born equal; a -e le ore at all hours; - i i pomeriggi every afternoon; in -i i modi in every way; - e le volte che faccio each time I do; a -i i costi at all costs, at any cost

2 (con pronomi personali) -i noi o noi -i vogliamo we all o all of us want; di' a -i loro cosa è accaduto tell them all what happened

V tutti pron.ind.pl.

all; (ognuno) everybody, everyone; (ciascuno) each (one); grazie a -i thank you all; parlavano -i insieme they were talking all together o all at once; non -i sono venuti not all of them came; - i quanti sbagliamo we all make mistakes; uscirono -i e due they both left; andremo -i e tre all three of us will go; - i gli altri everybody else; ascoltate -i! listen everybody! lo sanno -i everybody knows that; ho ringraziato -i I thanked each of them.

\

See also notes... (tutto.pdf)

Dizionario Italiano-Inglese > tutto
20 halten

n; -s, kein Pl.: zum Halten bringen stop, bring to a halt ( oder stop); Halten verboten! no stopping; da gab es kein Halten mehr there was no holding them etc. (back)

* * *

das Halten

(Besitzen) keeping;

(Festhalten) holding

* * *
hạl|ten ['haltn] pret hielt [hiːlt] ptp geha\#lten [gə'haltn]
1. TRANSITIVES VERB

1) = festhalten to hold

jdm etw halten — to hold sth for sb

jdm den Mantel halten — to hold sb's coat (for him/her)

kannst du mir bitte die Leiter halten? — could you please hold the ladder for me?

den Kopf/Bauch halten — to hold one's head/stomach

2)

= in eine bestimmte Position bringen etw gegen das Licht halten — to hold sth up to the light

den Arm in die Höhe halten — to hold one's arm up

einen Fuß/einen Zeh ins Wasser halten — to put a foot/a toe in the water

3)

= tragen die drei Pfeiler halten die Brücke — the three piers support the bridge

meinst du, der kleine Nagel hält das schwere Ölbild? — do you think this small nail will take the weight of the heavy oil painting?

nur zwei morsche Bretter hielten den Balkon noch — there were only two rotten boards holding the balcony up

zwei Schlaufen halten den Vorhang an der Seite — two loops hold back the curtain

4) = zurückhalten, aufhalten to hold; (SPORT) to save

die Wärme/Feuchtigkeit halten — to retain heat/moisture

er kann den Urin or das Wasser nicht halten — he's incontinent

einen Elfmeter or Strafstoß halten — to save a penalty

das ist ein toller Torwart, der hält jeden Ball! — he's a great goalkeeper, he makes great saves!

ich konnte ihn/es gerade noch halten — I just managed to grab hold of him/it

haltet den Dieb! — stop thief!

sie ist nicht zu halten (fig) — there's no holding her back

es hält mich hier nichts mehr — there's nothing to keep me here any more

es hält dich niemand — nobody's stopping you

5) = behalten Festung, Rekord to hold; Position to hold (on to)

den Schnabel or Mund halten (inf) — to keep one's mouth shut (inf)

6) = unterhalten, besitzen Chauffeur, Lehrer to employ; Haustier to keep; Auto to run

eine Geliebte halten — to keep a mistress

eine Perserkatze/einen Hausfreund halten — to have a Persian cat/a live-in lover

wir können uns kein Auto halten —

(sich dat) eine Zeitung/Zeitschrift halten — to get a paper/magazine

7) = einhalten, erfüllen to keep

ein Versprechen halten — to keep a promise

man muss halten, was man verspricht — a promise is a promise

der Film hält nicht, was er/der Titel verspricht — the film doesn't live up to expectations/its title

8) = beibehalten, aufrechterhalten Niveau to keep up, to maintain; Tempo, Disziplin, Temperatur to maintain; Kurs to keep to, to hold

Ruhe halten — to keep quiet

die Balance or das Gleichgewicht halten — to keep one's balance

den Ton halten — to stay in tune or in key

die These lässt sich nicht länger halten or ist nicht länger zu halten — this hypothesis is no longer tenable

Kontakt halten — to keep in touch

(mit jdm) Verbindung halten — to keep in touch( with sb)

Abstand halten! — keep your distance!

etw sauber halten — to keep sth clean

das Essen warm halten — to keep the food warm

viel Sport hält jung/schlank — doing a lot of sport keeps you young/slim

er hält sein Haus immer tadellos — he keeps his house immaculate

halten Sie die Erklärungen einfach — keep the explanations simple

wenn es neblig ist, sollten Sie den Abstand immer so groß wie möglich halten — if it's foggy you should always stay as far as possible from the car in front

ein Land besetzt halten — to keep a country under occupation

9) = behandeln to treat

die Gefangenen werden in diesen Gefängnissen wie Tiere gehalten — the prisoners are treated like animals in these prisons

er hält seine Kinder sehr streng — he's very strict with his children

10)

= handhaben, verfahren mit das kannst du (so) halten, wie du willst — that's entirely up to you

wie halten Sie es mit Ihrer Steuererklärung? — how do you deal with your tax return?

wie hältst dus mit der Religion? — what's your attitude toward(s) religion?

wir halten es mit den Abrechnungen anders — we deal with invoices in a different way

er hält es nicht so sehr mit der Sauberkeit — he's not over-concerned about cleanliness

es mehr or lieber mit jdm/etw halten — to prefer sb/sth

11)

= gestalten ein in Brauntönen gehaltener Raum — a room done in different shades of brown

sie beschloss das Zimmer in Grün zu halten — she decided to do the room in green

das Kleid ist in dunklen Tönen gehalten — it is a dark-coloured (Brit) or dark-colored (US) dress

das Mobiliar ist in einem hellen Holz gehalten — the furniture is made of a light wood

12) = veranstalten, abhalten Fest, Pressekonferenz to give; Rede to make; Gottesdienst, Zwiesprache to hold; Wache to keep

Selbstgespräche halten — to talk to oneself

Unterricht halten — to teach

Mittagsschlaf halten — to have an afternoon nap

Winterschlaf halten — to hibernate

13) = einschätzen, denkendiams; jdn/etw für etw halten to think sb/sth sth

ich habe das Bild für ein Original gehalten — I thought the picture was an original

etw für angebracht/schön halten — to think or consider sth appropriate/beautiful

jdn für ehrlich halten — to think or consider sb honest

ich habe ihn ( irrtümlich) für seinen Bruder gehalten — I (mis)took him for his brother

wofür halten Sie mich? — what do you take me for?

das halte ich nicht für möglich — I don't think that is possible

ich halte es für Unsinn, alles noch einmal abzuschreiben — I think it's silly to copy everything out againdiams; etw von jdm/etw halten to think sth of sb/sth

nicht viel von jdm/etw halten — not to think much of sb/sth

nicht viel vom Beten/Sparen halten — not to be a great one for praying/saving (inf)

ich halte nichts davon, das zu tun — I'm not in favour (Brit) or favor (US) of (doing) thatdiams; etwas/viel auf etw (acc) halten to consider sth important/very important

er hält etwas auf gute Manieren — he considers good manners important

der Chef hält viel auf Pünktlichkeit — the boss attaches a lot of importance to punctuality

14)

See:

→ gehalten

2. INTRANSITIVES VERB

1) = festhalten to hold; (= haften bleiben) to stick; (SPORT) to make a save

kannst du mal einen Moment halten? — can you just hold that (for) a moment?

unser Tormann hat heute wieder großartig gehalten — our goalkeeper made some good saves again today

kann der denn ( gut) halten? — is he a good goalkeeper?

2) = bestehen bleiben, haltbar sein to last; (Konserven) to keep; (Wetter) to last, to hold; (Frisur, COMM Preise) to hold; (Stoff) to be hard-wearing

der Waffenstillstand hält nun schon drei Wochen — the truce has now held for three weeks

Rosen halten länger, wenn man ein Aspirin ins Wasser tut — roses last longer if you put an aspirin in the water

dieser Stoff hält lange — this material is hard-wearing

3) = stehen bleiben, anhalten to stop

zum Halten bringen — to bring to a standstill

halten lassen (Mil) — to call a halt

halt mal, stop! (hum) — hang on (inf) or hold on a minute!

4) andere Redewendungendiams; auf etw (acc) halten (= zielen) to aim at sth; (= steuern) to head for sth; (= Wert legen auf) to attach importance to sth

sehr auf etw halten — to attach great importance to sth

ich musste an mich halten, um nicht in schallendes Gelächter auszubrechen — I had to control myself so as not to burst into fits of laughter

3. REFLEXIVES VERB

1) diams; sich halten= sich festhalten to hold on (
an +dat to)
er konnte sich gerade noch an dem Griff halten, als der Zug mit einem scharfen Ruck anfuhr — he just managed to grab hold of the strap when the train suddenly jolted forward

sie konnte sich auf dem glatten Abhang nicht halten — she couldn't keep her footing on the slippery slope

er konnte sich auf dem wilden Mustang nur drei Sekunden halten — he could only stay on the wild mustang three seconds

2) = eine bestimmte Körperhaltung haben to carry or hold oneself

er hält sich sehr aufrecht — he holds or carries himself very erect

sich ( im Gleichgewicht) halten — to keep one's balance

sich auf den Beinen halten — to stay on one's feet

sich ( nach) links halten — to keep (to the) left

sich nach Westen halten — to keep going westwards

der Autofahrer hielt sich ganz rechts — the driver kept to the right

ich halte mich an die alte Methode — I'll stick to or with the old method

sich an ein Versprechen halten — to keep a promise

sich an die Tatsachen/den Text halten — to keep or stick to the facts/text

3) = sich nicht verändern Lebensmittel, Blumen to keep; (Wetter) to last, to hold; (Geruch, Rauch) to linger; (Preise) to hold; (Brauch, Sitte) to continue

der Geruch von Knoblauch hält sich ewig — the smell of garlic lingers for ages (inf)

4) = seine Position behaupten to hold on; (in Kampf) to hold out

er hat sich in der Spitzenposition gehalten — he held on to the lead

er hat sich im erbarmungslosen Wettbewerb prächtig gehalten — he held on amazingly in the cut-throat competition

das Geschäft kann sich in dieser Straße nicht halten — the shop can't continue to stay open in this streetdiams; sich gut halten (in Prüfung, Spiel etc) to do well

er hat sich ziemlich gut gehalten (körperlich) — he is quite well-preserved

sie hat sich in der schweren Prüfung unerwartet gut gehalten — she did unexpectedly well in the difficult exam

5) = sich beherrschen to control oneself

sich nicht halten können — to be unable to control oneself

6)

andere Wendungendiams; sich halten an (+acc) ich halte mich lieber an den Wein — I'd rather keep or stick to wine

er hält sich für einen Spezialisten/für besonders klug — he thinks he's a specialist/very clever

* * *

1) (to (cause to) stop walking, marching, running etc: The driver halted the train; The train halted at the signals.) halt

2) (to give: He delivered a long speech.) deliver

3) ((of a car etc) to stop: We drew up outside their house.) draw up

4) (to have in one's hand(s) or between one's hands: He was holding a knife; Hold that dish with both hands; He held the little boy's hand; He held the mouse by its tail.) hold

5) (to have in a part, or between parts, of the body, or between parts of a tool etc: He held the pencil in his teeth; She was holding a pile of books in her arms; Hold the stamp with tweezers.) hold

6) (to support or keep from moving, running away, falling etc: What holds that shelf up?; He held the door closed by leaning against it; Hold your hands above your head; Hold his arms so that he can't struggle.) hold

7) (to remain in position, fixed etc when under strain: I've tied the two pieces of string together, but I'm not sure the knot will hold; Will the anchor hold in a storm?) hold

8) (to keep (oneself), or to be, in a particular state or condition: We'll hold ourselves in readiness in case you send for us; She holds herself very erect.) hold

9) (to look after or care for: She keeps the garden beautifully; I think they keep hens.) keep

10) (to act in the way demanded by: She kept her promise.) keep

11) (to stand up to use: This material doesn't wear very well.) wear

12) (having the body in a state of tension and readiness to act: The animal was poised ready to leap.) poised

13) (to suppose or think (that something is the case): Do you take me for an idiot?) take

* * *

hal·ten

[ˈhaltn̩]

I. TRANSITIVES VERB

1.

<hielt, gehalten>

(festhalten)

▪ [jdm] jdn/etw \halten to hold sb/sth [for sb]

du musst das Seil ganz fest \halten you must keep a tight grip on the rope

hältst du bitte kurz meine Tasche? would you please hold my bag for a moment?

jdn/etw im Arm \halten to hold sb/sth in one's arms

jdn an [o bei] der Hand \halten to hold sb's hand [or sb by the hand]

jdm den Mantel \halten to hold sb's coat [for him/her]

2.

<hielt, gehalten>

(aufhalten)

▪ jdn \halten to stop sb

haltet den Dieb! stop the thief!

es hält dich niemand nobody's stopping you

wenn sie etwas von Sahnetorte hört, ist sie nicht mehr zu \halten if she hears cream gateau mentioned there's no holding her!

3.

<hielt, gehalten>

(zurückhalten)

▪ jdn \halten to keep sb

warum bleibst du noch bei dieser Firma, was hält dich noch da? why do you stay with the firm, what's keeping you there?

mich hält hier nichts [mehr] there's nothing to keep me here [any more]

4.

<hielt, gehalten>

(in eine bestimmte Position bringen)

▪ etw irgendwohin/irgendwie \halten to put sth somewhere/in a certain position

er hielt die Hand in die Höhe he put his hand up

die Hand vor den Mund \halten to put one's hand in front of one's mouth

etw gegen das Licht \halten to hold sth up to the light

die Hand ins Wasser \halten to put one's hand into the water

5.

<hielt, gehalten>

(befestigen)

▪ etw \halten to hold sth

nur wenige Pfeiler \halten die alte Brücke just a few pillars support the old bridge

ihre Haare wurden von einer Schleife nach hinten ge\halten her hair was held back by a ribbon

das Regal wird von zwei Haken ge\halten the shelf is held up by two hooks

6.

<hielt, gehalten>

(in sich behalten)

▪ etw \halten to hold sth

ich konnte die Tränen nicht \halten I couldn't hold back my tears

das Ventil konnte den Überdruck nicht mehr \halten the valve could no longer contain the excess pressure

er konnte das Wasser nicht mehr \halten he couldn't hold his water

Wärme/Feuchtigkeit \halten to retain heat/moisture

7.

<hielt, gehalten>

SPORT

einen Ball \halten to stop a ball

der Tormann konnte den Ball nicht \halten the goalkeeper couldn't stop the ball

einen Elfmeter \halten to save a penalty

8.

<hielt, gehalten>

(beschäftigen)

▪ sich dat jdn \halten to employ [or have] sb

sich dat eine Putzfrau \halten to have a woman to come in and clean

sie hält sich einen Chauffeur she employs a chauffeur; (fig)

er hält sich eine Geliebte he has a mistress

9.

<hielt, gehalten>

(besitzen)

▪ [sich dat] etw \halten to keep sth

er hält sich ein Privatflugzeug, eine Segeljacht und ein Rennpferd he keeps a private aircraft, a yacht and a racehorse

ein Auto \halten to run a car

wir können uns kein Auto \halten we can't afford a car

Hühner/einen Hund \halten to keep chickens/a dog

10.

<hielt, gehalten>

(geh: abonniert haben)

eine Zeitung \halten to take a paper form

11.

<hielt, gehalten>

(behandeln)

▪ jdn irgendwie \halten to treat sb in a certain way

er hält seine Kinder sehr streng he is very strict with his children

12.

<hielt, gehalten>

(beibehalten, aufrechterhalten)

▪ etw \halten to keep sth

die Balance [o das Gleichgewicht] \halten to keep one's balance

Frieden \halten to keep the peace

die Geschwindigkeit \halten to keep up speed

mit jdm Kontakt \halten to keep in touch [or contact] with sb

den Kurs \halten to stay on course

Ordnung \halten to keep order

eine Position nicht \halten können to not be able to hold a position

einen Rekord \halten to hold a record

Ruhe \halten to keep quiet

den Takt \halten to keep time

die Temperatur \halten to maintain the temperature

den Ton \halten to stay in tune

zu jdm die Verbindung \halten to keep in touch [or contact] with sb

diese Behauptung lässt sich nicht \halten this statement is not tenable

hoffentlich kann ich den Weltrekord noch \halten hopefully I can still hold on to the world record

13.

<hielt, gehalten>

MIL (erfolgreich verteidigen)

▪ etw \halten to hold sth

die Verteidiger hielten ihre Stellungen weiterhin the defenders continued to hold their positions

eine Festung \halten to hold a fortress

14.

<hielt, gehalten>

(nicht aufgeben)

ein Geschäft \halten to keep a business going

15.

<hielt, gehalten>

(in einem Zustand erhalten)

▪ etw irgendwie \halten to keep sth in a certain condition

die Fußböden hält sie immer peinlich sauber she always keeps the floors scrupulously clean

den Abstand gleich \halten to keep the distance the same

jdn in Atem/in Bewegung/bei Laune \halten to keep sb in suspense/on the go/happy

für jdn das Essen warm \halten to keep sb's meal hot

die Getränke kalt \halten to keep the drinks chilled

jdn jung/fit \halten to keep sb young/fit

16.

<hielt, gehalten>

(gestalten)

▪ etw in etw dat \halten to do sth in sth

▪ etw ist in etw dat ge \halten sth is done in sth

das Haus war innen und außen ganz in Weiß ge\halten the house was completely white inside and out

das Wohnzimmer ist in Blau ge\halten the living room is decorated in blue

ihr Schlafzimmer ist in ganz in Kirschbaum ge\halten her bedroom is furnished entirely in cherrywood

die Rede war sehr allgemein ge\halten the speech was very general

einen Brief kurz \halten to keep a letter short

etw schlicht \halten to keep sth simple

17.

<hielt, gehalten>

(abhalten)

▪ etw \halten to give sth

er hielt eine kurze Rede he made a short speech

Diät \halten to keep to a diet

einen Gottesdienst \halten to hold a service

seinen Mittagsschlaf \halten to have an afternoon nap

eine Rede \halten to give [or make] a speech

ein Referat \halten to give [or present] a paper

Selbstgespräche \halten to talk to oneself

eine Unterrichtsstunde \halten to give a lesson

Unterricht \halten to teach

einen Vortrag \halten to give a talk

seinen Winterschlaf \halten to hibernate

Zwiesprache \halten mit jdm/etw (geh) to commune with sb form; s.a. Gericht

18.

<hielt, gehalten>

(einhalten, erfüllen)

▪ etw \halten to keep sth

der Film hält nicht, was der Titel verspricht the film doesn't live up to its title

man muss \halten, was man verspricht a promise is a promise

sein Wort/Versprechen \halten to keep one's word/a promise

19.

<hielt, gehalten>

(einschätzen)

▪ jdn/etw für jdn/etw \halten to take sb/sth for [or to be] sb/sth

ich habe ihn für seinen Bruder ge\halten I mistook him for his brother

das halte ich nicht für möglich I don't think that is possible

wofür \halten Sie mich? what do you take me for?

jdn für ehrlich/reich \halten to think sb is [or consider sb to be] honest/rich

20.

<hielt, gehalten>

(denken über)

▪ etw von jdm/etw \halten to think sth of sb/sth

ich halte nichts davon, das zu tun I don't think much of doing that

er hält nichts vom Beten/Sparen he's not a great one for praying/saving fam

ich halte es für das beste/möglich/meine Pflicht I think it best/possible/my duty

nichts/viel/wenig von jdm/etw \halten to think nothing/a lot/not think much of sb/sth

21.

<hielt, gehalten>

(wertschätzen)

etwas/viel auf jdn \halten to think quite a bit/a lot of sb

wenn man etwas auf sich hält... if you think you're somebody...; s.a. Stück

22.

▶ den Mund [o (fam) Schnabel] \halten to keep one's mouth shut, to hold one's tongue

II. INTRANSITIVES VERB

1. (festhalten) to hold

kannst du mal einen Moment \halten? can you hold that for a second?

2.

<hielt, gehalten>

(haltbar sein) to keep

wie lange hält der Fisch noch? how much longer will the fish keep?

die Schuhe sollten noch bis nächstes Jahr \halten these shoes should last till next year

3.

<hielt, gehalten>

(dauerhaft sein) to hold

der das Seil hält nicht mehr länger the rope won't hold much longer

die Tapete hält nicht the wallpaper won't stay on

diese Freundschaft hält schon lange this friendship has been lasting long

die Tür wird jetzt \halten now the door will hold

das Regal hält nicht an der Wand the shelf keeps falling off the wall

4.

<hielt, gehalten>

(stehen bleiben, anhalten) to stop

\halten Sie bitte an der Ecke! stop at the corner, please

etw zum H\halten bringen to bring sth to a stop [or standstill]

ein \haltendes Fahrzeug a stationary vehicle

5.

<hielt, gehalten>

SPORT to make a save

unser Tormann hat heute wieder großartig ge\halten our goalkeeper made some great saves today

kann Peters denn gut \halten? is Peters a good goalkeeper?

6.

<hielt, gehalten>

(zielen)

▪ [mit etw dat] auf etw akk \halten to aim at sth [with sth]

du musst mehr nach rechts \halten you must aim more to the right

7.

<hielt, gehalten>

(sich beherrschen)

▪ an sich akk \halten to control oneself

ich musste an mich \halten, um nicht zu lachen I had to force myself not to laugh

8.

<hielt, gehalten>

(Wert legen auf)

▪ auf etw akk \halten to attach importance to sth

[sehr] auf Ordnung \halten to attach [a lot of] importance to tidiness

9.

<hielt, gehalten>

(jdm beistehen)

▪ zu jdm \halten to stand [or stick] by sb

ich werde immer zu dir \halten I will always stand by you

ich halte zu Manchester United, und du? I support Manchester United, what about you?

10.

<hielt, gehalten>

(in einem Zustand erhalten)

Sport hält jung sport keeps you young

Alufolie hält frisch aluminium foil keeps things fresh

11.

<hielt, gehalten>

NAUT (Kurs nehmen)

▪ auf etw akk halten to head for sth

halte mehr nach links keep more to the left

nach Norden \halten to head north

12.

▶ halt mal,... hang [or hold] on,...

▶ halt mal, stopp! (hum) hang [or hold] on a minute!

▶ jd hält auf sich akk

du solltest ein bisschen mehr auf dich \halten (auf das Aussehen achten) you should take more [a] pride in yourself; (selbstbewusst sein) you should be more self-confident

III. REFLEXIVES VERB

1.

<hielt, gehalten>

(sich festhalten)

▪ sich akk an etw dat \halten to hold on to sth

der Kletterer rutschte aus und konnte sich nicht mehr \halten the climber slipped and lost his grip

2.

<hielt, gehalten>

(nicht verderben)

▪ sich akk \halten Lebensmittel to keep; Blumen a. to last

im Kühlschrank hält sich Milch gut drei Tage milk keeps for a good three days in the fridge

3.

<hielt, gehalten>

(jung, gesund bleiben)

sich akk gut ge \halten haben (fam) to have worn well fam

für seine 50 Jahre hat er sich gut ge\halten he has worn well for a 50-year-old

4.

<hielt, gehalten>

(sich behaupten)

sich akk gut \halten to do well, to make a good showing

halte dich tapfer be brave

5.

<hielt, gehalten>

(nicht verschwinden)

▪ sich akk \halten to last; Schnee a. to stay; Geruch, Rauch to stay, to hang around

manchmal kann der Nebel sich bis in die späten Vormittagsstunden \halten sometimes the fog can last until the late morning

6.

<hielt, gehalten>

(bei etw bleiben)

▪ sich akk an etw akk \halten to stay with sth

ich halte mich an die alte Methode I'll stick to [or stay with] the old method

ich halte mich lieber an Mineralwasser I prefer to stay with mineral water

7.

<hielt, gehalten>

(irgendwo bleiben)

sich akk auf den Beinen/im Sattel \halten to stay on one's feet/in the saddle

8.

<hielt, gehalten>

(eine Richtung beibehalten)

▪ sich akk irgendwo/nach... \halten to keep to somewhere/heading towards...

\halten Sie sich immer in Richtung Stadtmitte keep going towards the centre

sich akk rechts/links \halten to keep [to the] left/right

der Autofahrer hielt sich ganz rechts the driver kept to the right

sich akk nach Süden \halten to keep going southwards

9.

<hielt, gehalten>

(befolgen, einhalten)

▪ sich akk an etw akk \halten to keep [or stick] to sth

er hält sich immer an die Vorschriften he always sticks to the rules

der Film hat sich nicht an die Romanvorlage gehalten the film didn't keep [or stick] to the book

sich akk an die Tatsachen \halten to keep [or stick] to the facts

sich akk an ein Versprechen \halten to keep a promise

10.

<hielt, gehalten>

(sich behaupten)

▪ sich akk [mit etw dat] \halten to prevail [with sth]

trotz der hauchdünnen Mehrheit hielt sich die Regierung noch über ein Jahr despite its wafer-thin majority the government lasted [or kept going for] over a year

11.

<hielt, gehalten>

(bestehen)

▪ sich akk halten to keep going

die Firma wird sich nicht \halten können the company won't keep going [for long]

12.

<hielt, gehalten>

(eine bestimmte Körperhaltung haben)

▪ sich akk irgendwie \halten to carry [or hold] oneself in a certain manner

es ist nicht leicht, sich im Gleichgewicht zu \halten it's not easy to keep one's balance

sich akk aufrecht/gerade \halten to hold or carry oneself erect/straight

13.

<hielt, gehalten>

(einschätzen)

▪ sich akk für jdn/etw \halten to think one is sb/sth

er hält sich für besonders klug/einen Fachmann he thinks he's very clever/a specialist

14.

<hielt, gehalten>

(sich beherrschen)

sich akk nicht \halten können not to be able to control oneself

ich konnte mich nicht \halten vor Lachen bei dem Anblick I couldn't help laughing at this sight

15.

▶ sich akk an jdn \halten (sich an jdn wenden) to refer to sb, to ask sb; (jds Nähe suchen) to stick with sb

IV. UNPERSÖNLICHES INTRANSITIVES VERB

1.

<hielt, gehalten>

(handhaben)

▪ es [mit etw dat] irgendwie \halten to do sth in a certain way

wir \halten es ähnlich we do things in a similar way

es mit einer Sache so/anders \halten to handle [or deal with] sth like this/differently

wie hältst du es in diesem Jahr mit Weihnachten? what are you doing about Christmas this year?

wie hältst du's mit der Kirche? what's your attitude towards the church?

das kannst du \halten wie du willst that's completely up to you

2.

<hielt, gehalten>

(Neigung haben für)

es [mehr [o lieber]] mit jdm/etw halten to prefer sb/sth

sie hält es mehr mit ihrer Mutter she gets on better with her mother

er hält es nicht so mit der Sauberkeit he's not a great one for cleanliness

* * *
1.
unregelmäßiges transitives Verb

1) (auch Milit.) hold

etwas an einem Ende halten — hold one end of something

sich (Dat.) den Kopf/den Bauch halten — hold one's head/stomach

jemanden an od. bei der Hand halten — hold somebody's hand; hold somebody by the hand

die Hand vor den Mund halten — put one's hand in front of one's mouth

etwas ins Licht/gegen das Licht halten — hold something to/up to the light

2) (Ballspiele) save <shot, penalty, etc.>

3) (bewahren) keep; (beibehalten, aufrechterhalten) keep up < speed etc.>; maintain <temperature, equilibrium>

einen Ton halten — stay in tune; (lange anhalten) sustain a note

den Takt halten — keep time

Diät halten — keep to a diet

den Kurs halten — stay on course

diese Behauptung lässt sich nicht halten — this statement does not hold up

Ordnung/Frieden halten — keep order/the peace

4) (erfüllen) keep

sein Wort/ein Versprechen halten — keep one's word/a promise

5) (besitzen, beschäftigen, beziehen) keep <chickens etc.>; take <newspaper, magazine, etc.>

ein Auto halten — run a car

6) (einschätzen)

jemanden für reich/ehrlich halten — think somebody is or consider somebody to be rich/honest

ich halte es für das beste/möglich/meine Pflicht — I think it best/possible/my duty

viel/nichts/wenig von jemandem/etwas halten — think a lot/nothing/not think much of somebody/something

7) (abhalten, veranstalten) give, make < speech>; give, hold < lecture>

Unterricht halten — give lessons; teach

seinen Mittagsschlaf halten — have one's or an afternoon nap

8) (Halt geben) hold up, support < bridge etc.>; hold back <curtain, hair>; fasten < dress>

9) (zurückhalten) keep

ihn hält hier nichts — there's nothing to keep him here

es hält dich niemand — nobody's stopping you

10) (bei sich behalten)

das Wasser halten — hold one's water

11) (nicht aufgeben)

ein Geschäft usw. halten — keep a business etc. going

12) (behandeln) treat

jemanden streng halten — be strict with somebody

13) (vorziehen)

es mehr od. lieber mit jemandem/etwas halten — prefer somebody/something

14) (verfahren)

es mit einer Sache so/anders halten — deal with or handle something like this/differently

15) (gestalten)

das Badezimmer ist in Grün gehalten — the bathroom is decorated in green

die Rede war sehr allgemein gehalten — the speech was very general
2.
unregelmäßiges intransitives Verb

1) (stehen bleiben) stop

2) (unverändert, an seinem Platz bleiben) last

der Nagel/das Seil hält nicht mehr länger — the nail/rope won't hold much longer

diese Freundschaft hält nicht [lange] — (fig.) this friendship won't last [long]

3) (Sport) save

er hat gut gehalten — he made some good saves

4) (beistehen)

zu jemandem halten — stand or stick by somebody

5) (zielen) aim (auf + Akk. at)

6) (Seemannsspr.) head

auf etwas (Akk.) halten — head for or towards something

7) (sich beherrschen)

an sich (Akk.) halten — control oneself

8) (achten)

auf Ordnung halten — attach importance to tidiness
3.
unregelmäßiges reflexives Verb

1) (sich durchsetzen, behaupten)

wir werden uns nicht länger halten können — we won't be able to hold out much longer

das Geschäft wird sich nicht halten können — the shop won't keep going [for long]

2) (sich bewähren)

sich gut halten — do well; make a good showing

halte dich tapfer — be brave

3) (unverändert bleiben) <weather, flowers, etc.> last; <milk, meat, etc.> keep

4) (Körperhaltung haben)

sich schlecht/gerade/aufrecht halten — hold or carry oneself badly/straight/erect

5) (bleiben)

sich auf den Beinen/im Sattel halten — stay on one's feet/in the saddle

6) (gehen, bleiben)

sich links/rechts halten — keep [to the] left/right

sich an jemandes Seite (Dat.) /hinter jemandem halten — stay or keep next to/behind somebody

7) (befolgen)

sich an etwas (Akk.) halten — keep to or follow something

8) (sich wenden)

sich an jemanden halten — ask somebody

9) (ugs.): (jung, gesund bleiben)

sie hat sich gut gehalten — she is well preserved for her age (coll.)

* * *

halten; hält, hielt, gehalten

A. v/t

1. (festhalten) hold;

jemanden an oder

bei der Hand halten hold sb’s hand;

in der Hand/im Arm halten hold in one’s hand/in one’s arms;

jemandem den Mantel halten (damit er die Hände frei hat) hold sb’s coat; (ihm hineinhelfen) hold sb’s coat, help sb on with their coat;

sie hielt sich den Bauch (vor Schmerzen) she was holding her stomach (in pain); → Daumen

2. (stützen) hold (up), support;

das Bild wird von zwei Nägeln gehalten the picture is held up by two nails;

das Seil hat nicht viel zu halten (wird wenig belastet) there isn’t very much weight on the rope

3. in einer Lage: hold;

ans Licht halten hold to the light;

den Kopf gesenkt halten keep one’s head down; → auch hochhalten;

die Hand ins/unters Wasser halten put one’s hand in the water/hold one’s hand under the tap (US auch faucet);

sich (dat)

beim Gähnen die Hand vor den Mund halten put one’s hand in front of one’s mouth when yawning;

er hielt sich das Buch dicht vors Gesicht he was holding the book right in front of his face

4. in einem Zustand: keep;

frisch/warm halten keep fresh/warm;

besetzt/verschlossen halten keep occupied/locked;

in Gang halten keep sth going;

in Ordnung halten keep in order;

auf Lager halten (keep in) stock; → gefangen etc, gehalten B 3

5. (enthalten, fassen) hold, contain;

das Fass hält 20 Liter the barrel holds 20 litres (US -ers)

6. (zurückhalten, behalten) keep, hold; (Festung, Stellung, Rekord, Titel) hold; (aufhalten) stop; SPORT (Schuss) hold, stop, save;

das Haus hält die Wärme gut/schlecht the house retains the heat/lets the heat out;

das Wasser nicht halten können be incontinent, not be able to hold one’s water ( oder control one’s bladder);

den Ball in den eigenen Reihen halten hold onto the ball, keep possession (of the ball);

seinen Vorsprung halten können retain one’s lead;

er ließ sich nicht halten oder

er war nicht zu halten there was no stopping ( oder holding) him, you couldn’t hold him back;

was hält mich hier noch? what is there to keep me here?;

haltet den Dieb! stop thief!; → Klappe, Mund etc

7. (Geschwindigkeit, Kurs, Niveau, Preise etc) hold, maintain; (Richtung) continue in, keep going in; MUS (Ton) lange: hold; (nicht abweichen) keep to;

Ordnung halten keep order;

Kontakt halten keep in contact (

mit oder

zu with);

haltet jetzt bitte Ruhe/Frieden umg keep quiet now, please/no more arguing, please;

diese Theorie lässt sich nicht halten this theory is untenable

8. (Versprechen, sein Wort etc) keep;

was ich verspreche, halte ich auch my word is my bond;

das Buch hält (nicht), was es verspricht the book doesn’t live up to its promises

9. (

sich [dat]) jemanden/etwas

halten (Haustiere, Personal, Wagen) keep; (Zeitung) take;

sie hält sich einen Chauffeur/Liebhaber she keeps a chauffeur/lover

10. (behandeln) (Person, Tier, Pflanze, Sache) treat;

die Kinder knapp/streng halten not give the children much money/be strict with the children

11. (Sitzung, Versammlung etc) hold; (Hochzeit, Messe) auch celebrate; (Mahlzeit, Schläfchen etc) have, take; (Rede, Vortrag etc) give;

Winterschlaf halten hibernate

12.

halten für consider (to be), think sb/sth is; irrtümlich: (mis)take for;

sie hält ihn für den Besitzer meist she thinks he’s the owner;

ich halte es für richtig, dass er absagt I think he’s right to refuse, I think it’s right that he should refuse;

tu, was du für richtig hältst do what you think is right;

ich hielte es für gut, wenn wir gingen I think we should go, I think it would be a good idea if we went;

für wie alt hältst du ihn? how old do ( oder would) you think he is?;

wofür halten Sie mich/sich (eigentlich)? who do you think I am/you are?

13.

halten von think of;

viel/wenig halten von think highly ( stärker: the world)/not think much of;

was hältst du von …? what do you think of …?; auffordernd: how about …?;

was hältst du davon? what do you think (of it)?;

ich halte nicht viel davon I don’t think much of it; von Idee, Gemälde etc: auch I’m not keen on it;

er hält eine ganze Menge von dir umg he thinks you’re great, he holds you in high estimation;

sie hält nichts vom Sparen she doesn’t believe in saving

14. unpers:

wie hältst du es mit …? what do you usually do about …?; (was denkst du über …?) what do you think of ( oder about) …?;

so haben wir es immer gehalten we’ve always done it that way;

das kannst du halten, wie du willst please (besonders US suit) yourself;

ich halte es mit meinem Lehrer, der immer sagte … I go by what my teacher always used to say …; → gehalten

B. v/i

1. (fest sein) Knoten, Schnur, Schraube etc: hold; Eis: be (frozen) solid enough to walk on; Brücke: stand the weight of sth/sb; (kleben bleiben) stick

2. (Bestand haben) last; Lebensmittel etc: keep; Wetter: hold

3. (haltmachen) stop; Fahrzeug: auch draw up, pull up;

der Zug hält hier zehn Minuten the train stops here for ten minutes;

hält der Bus am Schlossplatz? does the bus stop at the Schlossplatz?;

er ließ halten he called a halt; → halt A

4. SPORT, Torwart etc: save;

sie hält gut she’s good in goal, she’s a good goalkeeper

5. in Zustand:

das hält gesund/jung! it keeps you healthy/young

6. Richtung, mit Waffe: aim (

auf +akk at); Schiff etc: head (

nach for;

nach Norden etc north etc)

7.

an sich (akk)

halten control o.s.;

ich musste an mich halten, um nicht zu (+inf) it took great self-control not to (+inf), I could hardly stop ( oder keep) myself (from) (+ger)

8.

zu jemandem halten stand by sb; Partei nehmend: side with sb

C. v/t & v/i

1.

(viel/wenig) halten auf (+akk) (achten auf) pay (a lot of/little) attention to; (Wert legen auf) set (great/little) store by;

wir halten nicht sehr auf Formen we don’t stand on ceremony

2.

etwas/viel auf sich (akk)

halten take pride/a lot of pride in o.s.; äußerlich: be particular/very particular about one’s appearance; gesundheitlich: look after/take great care of one’s health;

jeder/kein Handwerker, der (etwas) auf sich hält any/no self-respecting craftsman

D. v/r

1. Lebensmittel etc: keep; Schuhe etc: last; Wetter: hold; Preis, Kurs etc: hold; Geschäft, Mode, Restaurant etc: last;

sich gut halten Lebensmittel etc: keep well;

sie hat sich gut gehalten (ist wenig gealtert) she looks good for her age, she’s well preserved

2. (bleiben) fit, warm etc: keep, stay;

sich in Form halten keep in form; körperlich: auch keep fit;

sich bereit halten be ready; Truppen etc: be on standby;

sich verborgen oder

versteckt halten remain hidden ( oder in hiding)

3. (standhalten) hold out;

sich gut oder

wacker halten hold one’s own (

gegen against), do well;

sich halten als maintain one’s position as;

sich auf einem Posten halten (können) last

4.

sich halten an (+akk) keep to, stick to; an Vorschriften etc: comply with;

sich an jemanden halten (sich verlassen auf) rely on sb; wegen Schadenersatz: hold sb liable;

sich an das Gesetz halten comply with ( oder abide by) the law;

der Film hält sich eng an die Vorlage the film keeps very close to the original; möchten Sie einen Sherry? - nein,

ich halte mich lieber an alkoholfreie Getränke I’d rather stick to ( oder with) something non-alcoholic;

heute werde ich mich mal an den Tee halten I’m going to stick to tea today

5. Haltung, Lage, Richtung:

sich links/rechts halten keep to the left/right;

sich südlich halten keep on south, keep going in a southerly direction;

sich sehr gerade oder

aufrecht halten hold o.s. very straight ( oder erect);

sich kaum noch auf den Beinen halten können hardly be able to stand;

sich oft abseits halten often keep (o.s.) to o.s.;

halt dich immer dicht hinter mir keep very close behind me

6. (beherrschen):

sich nicht oder

kaum mehr halten können not be able to contain o.s.;

sich nicht oder

kaum mehr halten können vor Freude/Zorn etc be so happy/angry etc that one can no longer contain o.s.;

sich (vor Lachen) nicht mehr halten können umg not be able to keep a straight face, not be able to stop o.s. ( oder keep from) laughing

7.

sich halten für think o.s. sth, consider ( oder hold geh) o.s. to be sth.;

sie hält sich mal wieder für besonders schlau she thinks she’s been terribly clever again; → auch A 12, bereithalten

* * *
1.
unregelmäßiges transitives Verb

1) (auch Milit.) hold

etwas an einem Ende halten — hold one end of something

sich (Dat.) den Kopf/den Bauch halten — hold one's head/stomach

jemanden an od. bei der Hand halten — hold somebody's hand; hold somebody by the hand

die Hand vor den Mund halten — put one's hand in front of one's mouth

etwas ins Licht/gegen das Licht halten — hold something to/up to the light

2) (Ballspiele) save <shot, penalty, etc.>

3) (bewahren) keep; (beibehalten, aufrechterhalten) keep up <speed etc.>; maintain <temperature, equilibrium>

einen Ton halten — stay in tune; (lange anhalten) sustain a note

den Takt halten — keep time

Diät halten — keep to a diet

den Kurs halten — stay on course

diese Behauptung lässt sich nicht halten — this statement does not hold up

Ordnung/Frieden halten — keep order/the peace

4) (erfüllen) keep

sein Wort/ein Versprechen halten — keep one's word/a promise

5) (besitzen, beschäftigen, beziehen) keep <chickens etc.>; take <newspaper, magazine, etc.>

ein Auto halten — run a car

6) (einschätzen)

jemanden für reich/ehrlich halten — think somebody is or consider somebody to be rich/honest

ich halte es für das beste/möglich/meine Pflicht — I think it best/possible/my duty

viel/nichts/wenig von jemandem/etwas halten — think a lot/nothing/not think much of somebody/something

7) (abhalten, veranstalten) give, make < speech>; give, hold < lecture>

Unterricht halten — give lessons; teach

seinen Mittagsschlaf halten — have one's or an afternoon nap

8) (Halt geben) hold up, support <bridge etc.>; hold back <curtain, hair>; fasten < dress>

9) (zurückhalten) keep

ihn hält hier nichts — there's nothing to keep him here

es hält dich niemand — nobody's stopping you

10) (bei sich behalten)

das Wasser halten — hold one's water

11) (nicht aufgeben)

ein Geschäft usw. halten — keep a business etc. going

12) (behandeln) treat

jemanden streng halten — be strict with somebody

13) (vorziehen)

es mehr od. lieber mit jemandem/etwas halten — prefer somebody/something

14) (verfahren)

es mit einer Sache so/anders halten — deal with or handle something like this/differently

15) (gestalten)

das Badezimmer ist in Grün gehalten — the bathroom is decorated in green

die Rede war sehr allgemein gehalten — the speech was very general
2.
unregelmäßiges intransitives Verb

1) (stehen bleiben) stop

2) (unverändert, an seinem Platz bleiben) last

der Nagel/das Seil hält nicht mehr länger — the nail/rope won't hold much longer

diese Freundschaft hält nicht [lange] — (fig.) this friendship won't last [long]

3) (Sport) save

er hat gut gehalten — he made some good saves

4) (beistehen)

zu jemandem halten — stand or stick by somebody

5) (zielen) aim (auf + Akk. at)

6) (Seemannsspr.) head

auf etwas (Akk.) halten — head for or towards something

7) (sich beherrschen)

an sich (Akk.) halten — control oneself

8) (achten)

auf Ordnung halten — attach importance to tidiness
3.
unregelmäßiges reflexives Verb

1) (sich durchsetzen, behaupten)

wir werden uns nicht länger halten können — we won't be able to hold out much longer

das Geschäft wird sich nicht halten können — the shop won't keep going [for long]

2) (sich bewähren)

sich gut halten — do well; make a good showing

halte dich tapfer — be brave

3) (unverändert bleiben) <weather, flowers, etc.> last; <milk, meat, etc.> keep

4) (Körperhaltung haben)

sich schlecht/gerade/aufrecht halten — hold or carry oneself badly/straight/erect

5) (bleiben)

sich auf den Beinen/im Sattel halten — stay on one's feet/in the saddle

6) (gehen, bleiben)

sich links/rechts halten — keep [to the] left/right

sich an jemandes Seite (Dat.) /hinter jemandem halten — stay or keep next to/behind somebody

7) (befolgen)

sich an etwas (Akk.) halten — keep to or follow something

8) (sich wenden)

sich an jemanden halten — ask somebody

9) (ugs.): (jung, gesund bleiben)

sie hat sich gut gehalten — she is well preserved for her age (coll.)

* * *

v.

(§ p.,pp.: hielt, gehalten)

= to bear v.

(§ p.,p.p.: bore, borne)

to clamp v.

to halt v.

to hold v.

(§ p.,p.p.: held)

to keep v.

(§ p.,p.p.: kept)

to retain v.

to uphold v.

(§ p.,p.p.: upheld)

Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch > halten

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Словари и энциклопедии на Академике

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occupied for a long time

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Словари и энциклопедии на Академике

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occupied for a long time

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